Catalytic hydroprocessing of SRC-II heavy distillate fractions. 7. Kinetics of hydrogenation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrodeoxygenation of the neutral oils determined by analysis of compound classes and individual compounds

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1767-1775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev S. Katti ◽  
Bruce C. Gates ◽  
David W. Grandy ◽  
Tim Youngless ◽  
Leonidas Petrakis
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Distillate ◽  
Distillate Fractions ◽  
Kinetics Of

scholarly journals Volatilization kinetics of secondary compounds from sugarcane spirits during double distillation in rectifying still

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Ricardo Alcarde ◽  
Paula Araújo de Souza ◽  
André Eduardo de Souza Belluco
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Sugarcane Juice ◽  
Cutoff Point ◽  
Higher Alcohols ◽  
Distillation Process ◽  
Alcohol Content ◽  
Volatile Acidity ◽  
Distillate Fractions ◽  
Kinetics Of

The qualitative variation of secondary components plays a key role in the aroma and taste of the sugarcane spirit. The objective of this work was to study the volatilization kinetics of secondary components of sugarcane spirits during double distillation process in a rectifying still to verify the cutoff point in ethanol between "head" and "tail" fractions. Fermented sugarcane juice was distilled in rectifying still according to the methodology used for whisky production. Both distillates from first and second distillations were collected in fractions of 500 mL and analyzed for the concentrations of ethanol, copper, volatile acidity, furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural, aldehydes, esters, methanol and higher alcohols. In the first distillation, aldehydes and esters were distilled at the beginning of the distillation, while acetic acid was distilled at the end of the distillation. Methanol was found in the fractions up to almost half of the first distillation. Higher alcohols were distilled during the whole first distillation, but with greater intensity up to the alcoholic degree of 40% v v-1 of the distillate. During the second distillation, aldehydes, esters and methanol were distilled in the first distillate fractions, being collected mainly at alcohol concentrations above 80% v v-1. Acetic acid was distilled in the final distillate fractions, with concentrations in alcohol content below 20% v v-1. Higher alcohols followed a distillation kinetics pattern similar to ethanol, being collected mainly at alcoholic concentrations above 60% v v-1 of the distillate. The presence of copper, furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural was not detected in any fraction of the distillates of the first and second distillation.

Catalytic hydroprocessing of SRC-II heavy distillate fractions. 3. Hydrodesulfurization of the neutral oils

1984 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev S. Katti ◽  
David W. B. Westerman ◽  
Bruce C. Gates ◽  
Tim Youngless ◽  
Leonidas Petrakis
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Distillate ◽  
Distillate Fractions

Direct observations of radiation-enhanced transformations in glass

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 354-355
Author(s):  
J. F. DeNatale ◽  
D. G. Howitt
Keyword(s):  
Glass Matrix ◽  
Diffusion Mechanism ◽  
Bubble Formation ◽  
Silicate Glasses ◽  
Phase Decomposition ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
Oxygen Bubble ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
Kinetics Of

The electron irradiation of silicate glasses containing metal cations produces various types of phase separation and decomposition which includes oxygen bubble formation at intermediate temperatures figure I. The kinetics of bubble formation are too rapid to be accounted for by oxygen diffusion but the behavior is consistent with a cation diffusion mechanism if the amount of oxygen in the bubble is not significantly different from that in the same volume of silicate glass. The formation of oxygen bubbles is often accompanied by precipitation of crystalline phases and/or amorphous phase decomposition in the regions between the bubbles and the detection of differences in oxygen concentration between the bubble and matrix by electron energy loss spectroscopy cannot be discerned (figure 2) even when the bubble occupies the majority of the foil depth.The oxygen bubbles are stable, even in the thin foils, months after irradiation and if van der Waals behavior of the interior gas is assumed an oxygen pressure of about 4000 atmospheres must be sustained for a 100 bubble if the surface tension with the glass matrix is to balance against it at intermediate temperatures.

Irradiation behavior of pyrolytic silicon carbide

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 72-73
Author(s):  
R. J. Lauf
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Fission Products ◽  
Thermodynamics And Kinetics ◽  
Neutron Fluences ◽  
Fuel Particles ◽  
Sic Coatings ◽  
Irradiation Behavior ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Htgr Fuel

Fuel particles for the High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR) contain a layer of pyrolytic silicon carbide to act as a miniature pressure vessel and primary fission product barrier. Optimization of the SiC with respect to fuel performance involves four areas of study: (a) characterization of as-deposited SiC coatings; (b) thermodynamics and kinetics of chemical reactions between SiC and fission products; (c) irradiation behavior of SiC in the absence of fission products; and (d) combined effects of irradiation and fission products. This paper reports the behavior of SiC deposited on inert microspheres and irradiated to fast neutron fluences typical of HTGR fuel at end-of-life.

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