Toxicokinetic Toxicodynamic (TKTD) Modeling of Ag Toxicity in Freshwater Organisms: Whole-Body Sodium Loss Predicts Acute Mortality Across Aquatic Species

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (24) ◽  
pp. 14481-14489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Veltman ◽  
A. Jan Hendriks ◽  
Mark A. J. Huijbregts ◽  
Cédric Wannaz ◽  
Olivier Jolliet
Keyword(s):  
Whole Body ◽  
Aquatic Species ◽  
Freshwater Organisms ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Sodium Loss

Whole body sodium MRI at 3T using an asymmetric birdcage resonator and short echo time sequence: first images of a male volunteer

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (14) ◽  
pp. 4555-4567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Wetterling ◽  
Dominique M Corteville ◽  
Raffi Kalayciyan ◽  
Andreas Rennings ◽  
Simon Konstandin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Male Volunteer ◽  
Time Sequence ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sodium Mri ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Echo Time ◽  
Short Echo Time ◽  
Birdcage Resonator

Whole Body Sodium MRI at 0.5 Tesla Using Surface Coil and Long Echo Time Sequence

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1149-1161
Author(s):  
N. V. Anisimov ◽  
E. G. Sadykhov ◽  
O. S. Pavlova ◽  
D. V. Fomina ◽  
A. A. Tarasova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Coil ◽  
Time Sequence ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sodium Mri ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Echo Time

scholarly journals Total body sodium by whole body neutron activation in the living subject: further evidence for non-exchangeable sodium pool.

BMJ ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 2 (5605) ◽  
pp. 583-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Chamberlain ◽  
J. H. Fremlin ◽  
D. K. Peters ◽  
H. Philip
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Total Body

Osmotic and Body Density Response in the Harpacticoid Copepod Tigriopus Brevicornis in Supralittoral Rock Pools

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1143-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. McAllen ◽  
A.C. Taylor ◽  
J. Davenport
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Harpacticoid Copepod ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Body Density ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Medium Range ◽  
Density Values

Studies of the osmotic and ionic responses of the supralittoral rock pool inhabitant Tigriopus brevicornis (Crustacea: Copepoda) showed that this species of orange harpacticoid copepod is an unusually euryhaline osmoconformer. Body fluid osmolalities were 297–3691 mOsm kg−1 over a medium range of 151–3440 mOsm kg−1. Whole body sodium increased from 3·65 to 15·0 μmol Na+ mg DW−1 (dry weight) over the medium range 80–1900 mM Na+. Comparative studies on Artemia nauplii and the prawn Palaemon elegans revealed the characteristic hyper-hyporegulation of both organisms. Body density of T. brevicornis remains greater than that of the external medium over the salinity range 5–100 psu because of changes in body fluid osmolality and body volume. Median body density values for T. brevicornis ranged from 1·0359 g ml−1 in 5 psu (median density of 5psu seawater–1·0017 g ml−1) to 1·0848 g ml−1 in 100 psu (median density of 100 psu seawater=1·0751 g ml−1). Tigriopus brevicornis is principally a benthic forager and needs to remain negatively buoyant over a wide salinity range. Environmental monitoring of five supralittoral rockpools was conducted over a year. Live or dormant T. brevicornis were found in salinities of 4–150 psu; temperatures of −1 to +32°C and oxygen concentrations of 0 to >20 mg l−1. It is probably of advantage to T. brevicornis to be an osmoconformer; it is perhaps energetically efficient for such a small organism (~1 mm) and avoids buoyancy problems at high salinity.

Growth failure and metabolic acidosis due to total body sodium depletion in an infant with an ileostomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. e241570
Author(s):  
Christina Marie Zarraga ◽  
Stephen Mark Borowitz
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Sodium Depletion ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Renal Tubular

Sodium is an essential nutrient and inadequate sodium intake and/or excessive sodium losses can result in suboptimal growth. Infants with ileostomies are at significant risk of developing growth failure as a result of excessive sodium loss in their ileostomy effluent. Chronic sodium depletion can also limit the kidney’s ability to excrete hydrogen and potassium ions, mimicking electrolyte abnormalities found in type 4 renal tubular acidosis. This report describes an infant with an ileostomy with severe growth failure, hyperkalaemia and metabolic acidosis—all of which promptly resolved with sodium supplementation.

scholarly journals Feedback inhibition of ENaC during acute sodium loading in vivo

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (2) ◽  
pp. F222-F232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankit B. Patel ◽  
Gustavo Frindt ◽  
Lawrence G. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cortical Collecting Duct ◽  
Sodium Loading ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Sodium Load

The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) is tightly regulated by sodium intake to maintain whole body sodium homeostasis. In addition, ENaC is inhibited by high levels of intracellular Na+ [Na+]i, presumably to prevent cell Na+ overload and swelling. However, it is not clear if this regulation is relevant in vivo. We show here that in rats, an acute (4 h) oral sodium load decreases whole-cell amiloride-sensitive currents ( INa) in the cortical collecting duct (CCD) even when plasma aldosterone levels are maintained high by infusing the hormone. This was accompanied by decreases in whole-kidney cleaved α-ENaC (2.6 fold), total β-ENaC (1.7 fold), and cleaved γ-ENaC (6.2 fold). In addition, cell-surface β- and γ-ENaC expression was measured using in situ biotinylation. There was a decrease in cell-surface core-glycosylated (2.2 fold) and maturely glycosylated (4.9 fold) β-ENaC and cleaved γ-ENaC (4.7 fold). There were no significant changes for other apical sodium transporters. To investigate the role of increases in Na+ entry and presumably [Na+]i on ENaC, animals were infused with amiloride prior to and during sodium loading. Blocking Na+ entry did not inhibit the effect of resalting on INa. However, amiloride did prevent decreases in ENaC expression, an effect that was not mimicked by hydrochlorothiazide administration. Na+ entry and presumably [Na+]i can regulate ENaC expression but does not fully account for the aldosterone-independent decrease in INa during an acute sodium load.

Comparison Of Regional Patch Collection Vs. Whole-body Washdown For Measuring Sweat Sodium Loss During Exercise

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
John R. Stofan ◽  
Lindsay B. Baker ◽  
Adam A. Hamilton ◽  
Craig A. Horswill
Keyword(s):  
Whole Body ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Sweat Sodium
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