Air-Drying Beds Reduce the Quantities of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Class 1 Integrons in Residual Municipal Wastewater Solids

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (17) ◽  
pp. 9965-9971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tucker R. Burch ◽  
Michael J. Sadowsky ◽  
Timothy M. LaPara
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Class 1 Integrons ◽  
Class 1

scholarly journals The Evolution of Class 1 Integrons and the Rise of Antibiotic Resistance

2008 ◽  
Vol 190 (14) ◽  
pp. 5095-5100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gillings ◽  
Yan Boucher ◽  
Maurizio Labbate ◽  
Andrew Holmes ◽  
Samyuktha Krishnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Lateral Transfer ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Class 1 Integrons ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Human Food Chain ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Phylogenetic Signature

ABSTRACT Class 1 integrons are central players in the worldwide problem of antibiotic resistance, because they can capture and express diverse resistance genes. In addition, they are often embedded in promiscuous plasmids and transposons, facilitating their lateral transfer into a wide range of pathogens. Understanding the origin of these elements is important for the practical control of antibiotic resistance and for exploring how lateral gene transfer can seriously impact on, and be impacted by, human activities. We now show that class 1 integrons can be found on the chromosomes of nonpathogenic soil and freshwater Betaproteobacteria. Here they exhibit structural and sequence diversity, an absence of antibiotic resistance genes, and a phylogenetic signature of lateral transfer. Some examples are almost identical to the core of the class 1 integrons now found in pathogens, leading us to conclude that environmental Betaproteobacteria were the original source of these genetic elements. Because these elements appear to be readily mobilized, their lateral transfer into human commensals and pathogens was inevitable, especially given that Betaproteobacteria carrying class 1 integrons are common in natural environments that intersect with the human food chain. The strong selection pressure imposed by the human use of antimicrobial compounds then ensured their fixation and global spread into new species.

scholarly journals Incidence, Distribution, and Spread of Tetracycline Resistance Determinants and Integron-Associated Antibiotic Resistance Genes among Motile Aeromonads from a Fish Farming Environment

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 5675-5682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja S. Schmidt ◽  
Morten S. Bruun ◽  
Inger Dalsgaard ◽  
Jens L. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Class 1 Integron ◽  
Gene Cassettes ◽  
Class 1 Integrons ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Class 1

ABSTRACT A collection of 313 motile aeromonads isolated at Danish rainbow trout farms was analyzed to identify some of the genes involved in high levels of antimicrobial resistance found in a previous field trial (A. S. Schmidt, M. S. Bruun, I. Dalsgaard, K. Pedersen, and J. L. Larsen, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:4908–4915, 2000), the predominant resistance phenotype (37%) being a combined oxytetracycline (OTC) and sulphadiazine/trimethoprim resistance. Combined sulphonamide/trimethoprim resistance (135 isolates) appeared closely related to the presence of a class 1 integron (141 strains). Among the isolates containing integrons, four different combinations of integrated resistance gene cassettes occurred, in all cases including a dihydrofolate reductase gene and a downstream aminoglycoside resistance insert (87 isolates) and occasionally an additional chloramphenicol resistance gene cassette (31 isolates). In addition, 23 isolates had “empty” integrons without inserted gene cassettes. As far as OTC resistance was concerned, only 66 (30%) out of 216 resistant aeromonads could be assigned to resistance determinant class A (19 isolates), D (n = 6), or E (n = 39); three isolates contained two tetracycline resistance determinants (AD, AE, and DE). Forty OTC-resistant isolates containing large plasmids were selected as donors in a conjugation assay, 27 of which also contained a class 1 integron. Out of 17 successful R-plasmid transfers to Escherichia coli recipients, the respective integrons were cotransferred along with the tetracycline resistance determinants in 15 matings. Transconjugants were predominantly tetApositive (10 of 17) and contained class 1 integrons with two or more inserted antibiotic resistance genes. While there appeared to be a positive correlation between conjugative R-plasmids andtetA among the OTC-resistant aeromonads, tetEand the unclassified OTC resistance genes as well as class 1 integrons were equally distributed among isolates with and without plasmids. These findings indicate the implication of other mechanisms of gene transfer besides plasmid transfer in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance among environmental motile aeromonads.

scholarly journals Analysis of Class 1 Integrons and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains from Benin City, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-637
Author(s):  
B.O. Isichei-Ukah ◽  
O.I. Enabulele
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Environmental Isolates ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Class 1 Integrons ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Class 1

The presence of integrons and antibiotic resistance genes in the genome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pose a serious problem in the treatment and control of infections caused by this pathogen in hospitals. This study was carried to analyse the presence of class 1 integrons and some antibiotic resistance genes on selected clinical and environmental strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A total of 120 strains were employed for this study.The strains were confirmed using molecular method and species-specific primers targeting the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the presence of class 1 integrons and resistance genes using appropriate primers and conditions. The strains were analysed for the presence of the following antibiotic resistance genes - aadA, blaPSE, blaAMPC, blaIMP and tetC encoding  aminoglycosides, betalactamases, metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL) and tetracylines resistance respectively. On screening the isolates for the presence of class 1 integrons, 50/60 (83.3 %) clinical isolates and 46/60 (76.7 %) environmental isolates showed positive results (P > 0.05). In both clinical and environmental isolates, the highest occurring resistance genes were blaAMPC and tetC (encoding beta-lactamases and tetracylines respectively), while the least was observed in blaIMP (encoding metallo-beta-lactamases). In comparison, there was high significance difference (at P<0.01 significance level) in the resistance gene blaPSE between the clinical and environmental strains. The high prevalence of these resistance genes is a great threat in the treatment of Pseudomonas infections. Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Resistance genes, Integrons, Beta-lactamases.

Comparison of integron-linked antibiotic resistance genes in strains of Salmonella spp. isolated from swine in Chile in 2005 and 2008

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 515-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisette Lapierre ◽  
Betty San Martín ◽  
Carolina Araya-Jordán ◽  
Consuelo Borie
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Gene Cassette ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Single Class ◽  
Class 1 Integrons ◽  
Class 1

Salmonella spp. isolates obtained from healthy swine in 2008 were analyzed for antibiotic resistance phenotypes and genotypes. The resistance profiles of the 2008 isolates were compared with those of a Salmonella collection isolated from the same geographical area in 2005. The 2008 isolates consisted of strains that were 97% oxytetracycline resistant, 33.3% amoxicillin resistant, 31.8% amoxicillin- plus clavulanic acid resistant, 27.5% trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole resistant, 17.3% streptomycin resistant, and 7.2% enrofloxacin–ciprofloxacin resistant. The presence of integrons and resistance genes and their topological association in resistant strains was assessed by PCR. The prevalence of class 1 integrons was the highest, at 46.2%, while class 2 integrons were present in 17.9% of the isolates. In strains that harboured class 1 integrons, we identified 3 different gene cassette arrangements; a single class 2 integron arrangement of dfrA1–sat1–aadA1 was found. Comparison of these results with data obtained from the 2005 isolates showed that Salmonella strains resistant to amoxicillin and amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid had clearly emerged over the span of 3 years, along with an increase in the prevalence of class 1 integrons and the acquisition of new gene cassette arrangements. These findings highlight the need for continual monitoring of regional isolates to establish more efficient vigilance programs that can address variations in resistance over short periods of time within the same geographical area.

scholarly journals Class 1 Integrons Potentially Predating the Association with Tn402-Like Transposition Genes Are Present in a Sediment Microbial Community

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (16) ◽  
pp. 5722-5730 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Stokes ◽  
Camilla L. Nesbø ◽  
Marita Holley ◽  
Martin I. Bahl ◽  
Michael R. Gillings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Class 1 Integrons ◽  
Recombination System ◽  
Class 1

ABSTRACT Integrons are genetic elements that contribute to lateral gene transfer in bacteria as a consequence of possessing a site-specific recombination system. This system facilitates the spread of genes when they are part of mobile cassettes. Most integrons are contained within chromosomes and are confined to specific bacterial lineages. However, this is not the case for class 1 integrons, which were the first to be identified and are one of the single biggest contributors to multidrug-resistant nosocomial infections, carrying resistance to many antibiotics in diverse pathogens on a global scale. The rapid spread of class 1 integrons in the last 60 years is partly a result of their association with a specific suite of transposition functions, which has facilitated their recruitment by plasmids and other transposons. The widespread use of antibiotics has acted as a positive selection pressure for bacteria, especially pathogens, which harbor class 1 integrons and their associated antibiotic resistance genes. Here, we have isolated bacteria from soil and sediment in the absence of antibiotic selection. Class 1 integrons were recovered from four different bacterial species not known to be human pathogens or commensals. All four integrons lacked the transposition genes previously considered to be a characteristic of this class. At least two of these integrons were located on a chromosome, and none of them possessed antibiotic resistance genes. We conclude that novel class 1 integrons are present in a sediment environment in various bacteria of the β-proteobacterial class. These data suggest that the dispersal of this class may have begun before the “antibiotic era.”

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