Methyl chloride as a gaseous tracer for wood burning? Comments

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. DeGroot
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Chloride ◽  
Wood Burning ◽  
Gaseous Tracer

A gaseous tracer model for air pollution from residential wood burning

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 555-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. K. Khalil ◽  
S. A. Edgerton ◽  
R. A. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Wood Burning ◽  
Gaseous Tracer

Experimental Study of the Thermoelectric Wood Burning Stove Characteristics

2016 ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
A. D. Nikitin ◽  
S. E. Shcheklein ◽  
Yu. E. Nemikhin ◽  
U. Sh. Murodov ◽  
N. B. Holov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Wood Burning

Isotopic Characterization (2H, 13C, 37Cl, 81Br) of the Abiotic Sinks of Methyl Bromide and Methyl Chloride in Water and Implications for Future Studies.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Horst ◽  
Magali Bonifacie ◽  
Gérard Bardoux ◽  
Hans-Hermann Richnow
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Methyl Chloride ◽  
Methyl Halides ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Halide Exchange ◽  
Isotopic Characterization

In this study we investigated the isotope fractionation of the abiotic sink (hydrolysis, halide exchange) of methyl halides in water.<br>

scholarly journals Sensitivity of the Single Particle Soot Photometer to different black carbon types

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1031-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Laborde ◽  
P. Mertes ◽  
P. Zieger ◽  
J. Dommen ◽  
U. Baltensperger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Diesel Exhaust ◽  
Mass Analyzer ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Radiative Balance ◽  
Ambient Particles ◽  
Fullerene Soot ◽  
Wood Burning ◽  
Incomplete Removal

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is now mainly of anthropogenic origin. It is the dominant light absorbing component of atmospheric aerosols, playing an important role in the earth's radiative balance and therefore relevant to climate change studies. In addition, BC is known to be harmful to human beings making it relevant to policy makers. Nevertheless, the measurement of BC remains biased by the instrument-based definition of BC. The Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2), allows the measurement of the refractory BC (rBC) mass of individual particles using laser-induced incandescence. However, the SP2 needs an empirical calibration to retrieve the rBC mass from the incandescence signal and the sensitivity of the SP2 differs between different BC types. Ideally, for atmospheric studies, the SP2 should be calibrated using ambient particles containing a known mass of ambient rBC. However, such "ambient BC" calibration particles cannot easily be obtained and thus commercially available BC particles are commonly used for SP2 calibration instead. In this study we tested the sensitivity of the SP2 to different BC types in order to characterize the potential error introduced by using non-ambient BC for calibration. The sensitivity of the SP2 was determined, using an aerosol particle mass analyzer, for rBC from thermodenuded diesel exhaust, wood burning exhaust and ambient particles as well as for commercially available products: Aquadag® and fullerene soot. Thermodenuded, fresh diesel exhaust has been found to be ideal for SP2 calibration for two reasons. First, the small amount of non-BC matter upon emission reduces the risk of bias due to incomplete removal of non-BC matter and second, it is considered to represent atmospheric rBC in urban locations where diesel exhaust is the main source of BC. The SP2 was found to be up to 16% less sensitive to rBC from thermodenuded ambient particles (≤15 fg) than rBC from diesel exhaust, however, at least part of this difference can be explained by incomplete removal of non-refractory components in the thermodenuder. The amount of remaining non-refractory matter was estimated to be below 30% by mass, according to a comparison of the scattering cross sections of the whole particles with that of the pure BC cores. The SP2 sensitivity to rBC from wood burning exhaust agrees with the SP2 sensitivity to rBC from diesel exhaust within an error of less than 14% (≤40 fg). If, due to experimental restrictions, diesel exhaust cannot be used, untreated fullerene soot was found to give an SP2 calibration curve similar to diesel exhaust and ambient rBC (within ±10% for a rBC mass ≤15 fg) and is therefore recommended although two different batches differed by ~14% between themselves. In addition, the SP2 was found to be up to 40% more sensitive to Aquadag® than to diesel exhaust rBC. Therefore Aquadag® cannot be recommended for atmospheric application without accounting for the sensitivity difference. These findings for fullerene soot and Aquadag® confirm results from previous literature.

scholarly journals Impact of Chimney‐draught Conditions on Combustion and Emission Behavior of a Wood‐burning Stove

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Endriss ◽  
Peter Grammer ◽  
Michael Russ ◽  
Harald Thorwarth
Keyword(s):  
Wood Burning ◽  
Emission Behavior

Copolymerization of Isobutene and Isoprene at “High” Temperature with Syncatalyst Systems Based on Aluminum Organic Compounds

1976 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 937-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Cesca ◽  
M. Bruzzone ◽  
A. Priola ◽  
G. Ferraris ◽  
P. Giusti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Methyl Chloride ◽  
Reactivity Ratio ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Noticeable Increase ◽  
Catalyst Systems ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Kinetics Of Vulcanization

Abstract New catalyst systems based on alkylaluminum derivatives and halogen or interhalogen compounds were found highly efficient in the synthesis of high-molecular-weight IIR at temperatures above − 50°C. The reaction mechanism was studied in detail for the system Et2AlCl + Cl2. The reactions occurring between chlorine, isobutene, Et2AlCl, and the solvent (CH3Cl) were elucidated and studied under various experimental conditions (e.g. presence or absence of light, simultaneous presence of the copolymerization system components, temperature, type of halogen, use of model compound of isobutene). It was concluded that halogenium ions, i.e. Cl+, Br+, or I+, are the initiating species. Kinetic and conductometric investigations showed that scarcely dissociated ion pairs, e.g. Cl+[Et2AlCl2]−, were formed in the absence of monomer; but in the presence of isobutene, a noticeable increase of the electrical conductivity and rapid polymerization occurred. The maximum polymerization rate was first order with respect to the concentrations of monomer, Cl2, and Et2AlCl. In the homopolymerization of isobutene, transfer to monomer and termination reactions were negligible. The MW of IIR was found to be mainly dependent on the concentrations of the catalyst components, on isoprene concentration, and on temperature. The reactivity ratio of isobutene with isoprene was found to be r1=2.5±0.5 at −35°C, while the activation energies relative to MW were −5.8 ± 0.4, kcal/mol for polyisobutene, and −5.7 ± 0.7 and − 4.3 ± 0.5 kcal/mol for IIR containing, respectively, 1.3 and 1.9 mol% of isoprene. The evaluation of some physicochemical and technological properties of typical IIR produced with the system Et2AlCl + Cl2, indicated that isoprene is randomly distributed along the chains and that the MWD is monomodal, while the glass transition temperature, tensile properties, mechanical-dynamic spectra, and kinetics of vulcanization are very similar to those of commercial IIR. Very preliminary data, referring to several classes of new catalyst systems yielding IIR having good properties, were also obtained. The syncatalyst systems here described can work in a homogeneous phase consisting of an aliphatic hydrocarbon besides methyl chloride, still giving IIR with high MW. Therefore, a completely homogeneous process can be envisioned for the synthesis of IIR at −50°C thus avoiding a great part of the fouling problems of the slurry process. The economic advantage of using “high” temperatures of polymerization is briefly discussed in terms of energy savings.

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