A Statistician's View of the U.S. Primary Drinking Water Regulation on Coliform Contamination

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1808-1811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Regulation ◽  
The U.S

Nanofiltration of colored surface water: Quebec's experience

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
P. Kouadio ◽  
M. Tétrault
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Water Regulation ◽  
Eastern Canada

Three colored surface water nanofiltration pilot-scale projects were conducted in the province of Quebec (eastern Canada), between November 2000 and March 2002, by the company H2O Innovation (2000) inc., for the municipalities of Lac Bouchette, Latulipe-et-Gaboury and Charlesbourg (now part of Quebec City). Results indicated that nanofiltration permeate quality has an advance on present drinking water regulation standard in Quebec, but important membrane fouling occurred. Fouling can be controlled by pretreatment and optimization of the operating conditions.

Anthropology and Environmental Problems in the U.S.: The Case of Groundwater Contamination

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 5-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Fitchen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Underground Storage ◽  
Chemical Contamination ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Agricultural Chemicals ◽  
Underground Storage Tanks ◽  
Industrial Operations ◽  
Improper Use ◽  
The U.S

Chemical contamination of groundwater has become increasingly prevalent in the U.S. Once thought to be safe from pollution, the underground aquifers that supply drinking water to about half of the U.S. population are now known to be vulnerable to contamination from leaking landfills, waste lagoons, underground storage tanks, improper use of agricultural chemicals, and various industrial operations. Manufactured chemical compounds, including industrial degreasers and solvents, as well as gasoline, pesticides and fertilizers (in all, over 700 synthetic organic chemicals) have seeped down through the soil to the aquifers and been detected in ground water. Nearly every state has identified cases of contamination serious enough to require closing of some public or private supply wells.

The U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards

1943 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1409-1436
Author(s):  
F. H. Waring ◽  
G. D. Norcom ◽  
R. F. Goudey ◽  
C. K. Calvert ◽  
C. R. Cox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Public Health Service ◽  
Drinking Water Standards ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals Adoption of a microbial health-based target for Australian drinking water regulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 662-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne O'Toole ◽  
Martha Sinclair ◽  
Katherine Gibney ◽  
Karin Leder
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Water Regulation ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Target Values

The health-based targets of 1 in 10,000 for infection and 10−6 disability adjusted life years (DALYs) per person per year are increasingly being considered, or have already been adopted, to define microbial safety targets for water. The aim of this paper is to convey information about how these two targets compare by converting each of the target values to a common metric. The metric chosen for viral (rotavirus and norovirus) and protozoan (Cryptosporidium) reference pathogens is the estimated maximum number of annual drinking water-associated cases of acute diarrhoeal disease tolerated. For the reference bacterial pathogen Campylobacter, sequelae to acute diarrhoeal illness have also been considered in estimating the tolerable number of cases for the DALY target. Also investigated is whether non-compliance with targets would be detected as a waterborne disease outbreak by the health surveillance system in an extreme hypothetical situation whereby all tolerable cases per annum occurred as a single event. The paper highlights that verification of compliance with targets cannot be demonstrated by the absence of reported drinking water-associated outbreaks alone and concludes that introduction of a quantitative health-based outcome for drinking water in Australia would help improve water quality management by providing a common goal directly linked to health outcomes.

scholarly journals Community-Level Analysis of Drinking Water Data Highlights the Importance of Drinking Water Metrics for the State, Federal Environmental Health Justice Priorities in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10401
Author(s):  
Uloma Igara Uche ◽  
Sydney Evans ◽  
Soren Rundquist ◽  
Chris Campbell ◽  
Olga V. Naidenko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Community Water ◽  
Health Justice ◽  
The U.S

Research studies analyzing the geospatial distribution of air pollution and other types of environmental contamination documented the persistence of environmental health disparities between communities. Due to the shortage of publicly available data, only limited research has been published on the geospatial distribution of drinking water pollution. Here we present a framework for the joint consideration of community-level drinking water data and demographic data. Our analysis builds on a comprehensive data set of drinking water contaminant occurrence for the United States for 2014–2019 and the American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2015–2019) from the U.S. Census Bureau. Focusing on the U.S. states of California and Texas for which geospatial data on community water system service boundaries are publicly available, we examine cumulative cancer risk for water served by community water systems of different sizes relative to demographic characteristics for the populations served by these water systems. In both California and Texas, greater cumulative cancer risk was observed for water systems serving communities with a higher percentage of Hispanic/Latino and Black/African American community members. This investigation demonstrates that it is both practical and essential to incorporate and expand the drinking water data metrics in the analysis of environmental pollution and environmental health. The framework presented here can support the development of public policies to advance environmental health justice priorities on state and federal levels in the U.S.

scholarly journals Regulation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS) in Drinking Water: A Comprehensive Review

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pontius
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Perfluorooctanoic Acid ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Water Regulation ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Legal Constraints

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) are receiving global attention due to their persistence in the environment through wastewater effluent discharges and past improper industrial waste disposal. They are resistant to biological degradation and if present in wastewater are discharged into the environment. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) issued drinking water Health Advisories for PFOA and PFOS at 70 ng/L each and for the sum of the two. The need for an enforceable primary drinking water regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is currently being assessed. The USEPA faces stringent legal constraints and technical barriers to develop a primary drinking water regulation for PFOA and PFOS. This review synthesizes current knowledge providing a publicly available, comprehensive point of reference for researchers, water utilities, industry, and regulatory agencies to better understand and address cross-cutting issues associated with regulation of PFOA and PFOS contamination of drinking water.

Coliform Bacteria in Drinking Water from South Bavaria: Identification by the API 20E-System and Resistance Patterns

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. G. Schindler ◽  
H. Metz
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Water Regulation ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
R Factor ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Group A ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
Multiresistant Strains

A total of 256 coliform strains (132 from central, 124 from decentralized water supplies) as defined by the German drinking water regulation were characterized by the API 20E-system and by their susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents. Alltogether 22 different species from 10 genera could be differentiated, whereas 14 strains were unidentifiable by the applied system. The frequency distribution of the strains isolated from central water supplies yielded 48.5 % for Citrobacter freundii, 17.4 % for Klebsiella pneumoniae, 6.8 % for Buttiauxella agrestis and 6.1 % for C. diversus. In decentralized water supplies C. freundii was found in 33.9 %, K. pneumoniae in 14.5 %, Serratia fonticola in 8.9 % and K. oxytoca in 6.5 %. About one third (73 strains) were fully susceptible to all used antibiotics. 42 strains, however, revealed complete or moderate resistance against three or more agents (multiresistant strains). Within this group a seasonal variation was evident. The proportion of multiresistant isolates was found to be relatively high in the first half of the year (21.4 % in January- March and 29.4 % in April-June) and relatively low in the second half-year (7.9 % in July-September and 11.3 % in October-December). This different distribution may indicate a conservation of R-factor bearing bacteria in the environment.

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