Titration of monoprotic acids with sodium hydroxide contaminated by sodium carbonate

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Michalowski
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Carbonate

scholarly journals Innovative environmentally friendly technology for copper(II) hydroxide production

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 363-370
Author(s):  
Milutin Milosavljevic ◽  
Ljiljana Babicev ◽  
Svetlana Belosevic ◽  
Dunja Danicic ◽  
Milena Milosevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Phosphoric Acid Solution ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Laboratory Procedure ◽  
Process Stage

The innovative laboratory procedure for the synthesis of copper(II) hydroxide in the form of the aqueous suspension was developed. The reaction mechanism consists of the reaction between copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate and sodium carbonate by successive ion exchange of carbonate ions with the hydroxide ones in a multistep process. Production of copper(II) carbonate and sodium sulphate by reacting of copper(II) sulphate with sodium carbonate was followed by addition of sodium hydroxide solution whereby the product, copper(II) hydroxide, was obtained by releasing an equimolar amount of sodium carbonate. It was determined that, the equimolar reaction of copper(II) sulphate and sodium hydroxide lead to the maximal reactants exploitation. Sodium phosphate, formed in the final process stage by addition of 10 % phosphoric acid solution, acted as a copper(II) hydroxide stabilizer. High yield of the product was obtained by optimizing the synthesis parameters: reaction time, molar ratio of reactants and the reaction temperature. The obtained product was formulated to obtain a commercial product, which is used as a fungicide and bactericide.

Reduction of insecticide residues in grain dust by treatment with alkali

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (92) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Desmarchelier ◽  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Liquid Sodium ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Grain Dust ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Stock Feed

A series of laboratory and pilot scale experiments was performed to reduce residues of dichlorvos and malathion in grain dust to levels below the maximum permitted for stock feed. Processing such as steaming or pelleting did not reduce pesticide residues sufficiently, but mixing grain dust with three alkaline materials, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate or ammonia, reduced residues considerably and this reduction was increased by subsequent processing. Reduction of residues was greater from use of liquid rather than solid alkalis, from use of the stronger (sodium hydroxide) rather than from the weaker (sodium carbonate) base and was proportional to the amount of liquid sodium hydroxide or ammonia that was used. Alkaline materials reduced pesticide residues in possible stock feed combinations of grain dust plus straw and grain dust plus lucerne meal. As these results are consistent with general base-catalyzed hydrolysis of organophosphorus esters, there is probably scope for considerable variations in procedure by use of different alkalis and different exposure times to alkali. In commercial applications amounts of base required (2 per cent w/w) were less than those used to increase the food value of low-grade animal feed.

Non-Edible Oil Based Surfactant For Enhanced Oil Recovery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adekunle Tirimisiyu Adeniyi ◽  
Ijoma Onyemaechi
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Synthetic Surfactant ◽  
Chemical Flooding ◽  
Core Flooding ◽  
Incremental Oil Recovery ◽  
Increasing Demand

Abstract After the primary and secondary oil recoveries, a substantial amount of oil is left in the reservoir which can be recovered by tertiary methods like the Alkaline-Surfactant Flood. Reasons for having some unproduced hydrocarbon in the reservoir include and not limited to the following; forces of attraction fluid contacts, low permeability, high viscous fluid, poor swept efficiency, etc. Although, it is possible to commence waterflooding together chemical injection at the start of production. Reservoir simulation with commercial simulator, could guide in selecting the most appropriate period to commence chemical flooding. In this study, the performance of a new synthetic surfactant produced from Jatropha Curcas seed was compared with that of a selected commercial surfactant in the presence of an alkaline and this shows that the non-edible Jatropha oil is a natural, inexpensive and a renewable source of energy for the production of anionic surfactants and a good substitute for commercial surfactants like Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS). The Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) surfactant showed no precipitation or cloudiness during stability test and was able to reduce the Interfacial Tension (IFT) to 0.018 mN/m and 0.020 mN/m in the presence of sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide respectively as alkaline at low surfactant concentration. The optimum alkaline surfactant formulation in terms of oil recovery performance obtained from the core flooding experiment corresponds to a concentration of sodium carbonate (0.5wt%), sodium hydroxide (0.5wt%) mixed in distilled water and Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) surfactant (1wt%). The injection of 0.5 percentage volume of alkaline surfactant slug produced an incremental oil recovery of 26.7% and 29% respectively. With these incremental oil recoveries, increasing demand for hydrocarbons product could be met, and returns on investment portfolio will be improved.

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