Determination of eutectic composition: An empirical method

1977 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 676 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Karunakaran
Keyword(s):  
Eutectic Composition ◽  
Empirical Method

scholarly journals The Empirical and Theoretical Miscible Characterization Method in Gas-Enhanced Oil Recovery

Geofluids ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Wang Chengjun ◽  
Li Xiaorui
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Reservoir Engineering ◽  
Forecasting Accuracy ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Development Scheme ◽  
Gas Flooding ◽  
New Ideas

The determination of miscible characteristic is one of the key technologies for enhancing oil recovery of gas flooding. If the miscible characteristic at each development period of gas flooding can be known in real time, it will be helpful to guide gas flooding development scheme. The minimum miscible pressure (MMP) is mostly used to describe miscible characteristic. Currently, the MMP forecasting methods can be classified into two categories—the empirical method and theoretical calculation method. In this paper, the main controlling factors affecting MMP are analyzed combined with reservoir engineering method, phase equilibrium theory, reservoir numerical simulation technology, and so on. Based on this, new empirical and theoretical MMP forecasting model was built. Meanwhile, new ideas for improving forecasting accuracy through modifying miscible criterion were proposed. The calculation accuracies of the two MMP forecasting models can be improved to over 90% that is more accurate and adapted than other methods. This research result can supply new ideas for gas flooding MMP forecasting.

scholarly journals A simplified empirical method for determination of aerosol hygroscopicity and composition

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 23627-23656
Author(s):  
C. H. Chan ◽  
A. Y. S. Cheng ◽  
A. Viseu
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Cloud Formation ◽  
Monthly Variation ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Remote System ◽  
Aerosol Hygroscopicity

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols have substantial influence on the Earth's radiation budget, visibility, cloud formation and precipitation. The aerosol hygroscopicity and the composition of aerosols are of vital importance for solar radiation budget calculation, cloud formation mechanism, and measurement of aerosol spatiotemporal distribution through remote sensing, such as Lidar, MODIS and sun/star photometer. In this paper, hourly averaged records of humidity, visibility and aerosol concentration, conducted in Macao, P.R.C. from 1 February 2006 to 31 December 2008 (LT), are used to estimate aerosol hygroscopicity and composition with a simplified empirical method. The result of monthly variation of aerosol hygroscopicity indicates the important role of aerosol composition on optical properties, which is in agreement with the previous study. This aerosol composition pattern is also consistent with the Asiatic Monsoon pattern and vicinity, such as Hong Kong. The monthly variation of aerosol hygroscopicity and composition also shows the necessity to consider such a factor for the aerosols monitoring by remote system and aerosols forcing simulated by climate model.

scholarly journals An empirical method for absolute calibration of coccolith thickness

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saúl González-Lemos ◽  
José Guitián ◽  
Miguel-Ángel Fuertes ◽  
José-Abel Flores ◽  
Heather M. Stoll
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Absolute Calibration ◽  
Light Spectra ◽  
Independent Determination ◽  
Data Comparability ◽  
Calibration Materials ◽  
Constant Slope

Abstract. As major calcifiers in the open ocean, coccolithophores play a key role in the marine carbon cycle. Because they may be sensitive to changing CO2 and ocean acidification, there is significant interest in quantifying past and present variations in their cellular calcification by quantifying the thickness of the coccoliths or calcite plates that cover their cells. Polarized light microscopy has emerged as a key tool for quantifying the thickness of these calcite plates, but the reproducibility and accuracy of such determinations has been limited by the absence of suitable calibration materials in the thickness range of coccoliths (0–4 microns). Here, we describe the fabrication of a calcite wedge with a constant slope over 15 this thickness range, and the independent determination of calcite thickness along the wedge profile. We show how the calcite wedge provides more robust calibrations in the 0 to 1.55 μm range than previous approaches using rhabdoliths. We show the particular advantages of the calcite wedge approach for developing equations to relate thickness to the interference colors that arise in calcite in the thickness range between 1.55 and 4 μm. The calcite wedge approach can be applied to develop equations relevant to the particular light spectra and intensity of any polarized light microscope system and could significantly improve within and inter-laboratory data comparability.

scholarly journals Determination of plasma temperature by a semi-empirical method

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (4b) ◽  
pp. 1673-1676 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. O. Borges ◽  
G. H. Cavalcanti ◽  
A. G. Trigueiros
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Temperature ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Semi Empirical

A precise technique for the determination of some nuclear reaction energies

1953 ◽  
Vol 216 (1125) ◽  
pp. 219-241 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reaction ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Effective Diameter ◽  
Line Shapes ◽  
Standard Scale ◽  
Theoretical Line ◽  
Reaction Energies ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Α Particles

A technique has been developed for the absolute determination of nuclear reaction energies by means of a 180° magnetic spectrometer, in which the effective diameter has been measured against a standard scale, and the magnetic field determined by means of a nuclear resonance apparatus. These two measurements, together with the angle of reaction, were the only precise dimensions required. The spectrometer was used to establish a high-voltage scale by means of elastic scattering of protons. Thus sufficient data could be obtained in a nuclear reaction to determine the Q values which are presented in a separate papers. In order to utilize the experimental data efficiently, it was necessary to investigate quantitatively the line shapes in the spectrometer. An empirical method for correcting observed reaction energies for target deterioration is discussed. To obtain verification of the theoretical line shapes for nearly monoenergetic sources, we have measured the Hρ values for several groups of natural α-particles and have obtained the following results, in kilogauss cm : ThC', 427.07± 0.10; ThC α 0 , 354.34; ThCα x , 355.51; Po, 331.76 ± 0.09.

Design Curves for High-Cycle Fatigue Loaded Structural Elements

2013 ◽  
Vol 752 ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Koncsik ◽  
János Lukács
Keyword(s):  
High Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Fatigue Design ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
Important Design

Frequently, the cause of the failure of different structures or structural elements is the cyclic loading. Both fatigue design curves and methods for determination of these curves can be found in the literature. Even so, there are structural details whereabouts executing of examinations is necessary. The aims of the study are as follows: to give a short summary of important design curves can be found in different standards or specifications; and to demonstrate of own high cycle fatigue tests on a soldered structural element and the comparing of our results and the results of an empirical method.

scholarly journals Technical note: An empirical method for absolute calibration of coccolith thickness

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1079-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saúl González-Lemos ◽  
José Guitián ◽  
Miguel-Ángel Fuertes ◽  
José-Abel Flores ◽  
Heather M. Stoll
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Absolute Calibration ◽  
Light Spectra ◽  
Data Comparability ◽  
Calibration Materials ◽  
Constant Slope

Abstract. As major calcifiers in the open ocean, coccolithophores play a key role in the marine carbon cycle. Because they may be sensitive to changing CO2 and ocean acidification, there is significant interest in quantifying past and present variations in their cellular calcification by quantifying the thickness of the coccoliths or calcite plates that cover their cells. Polarized light microscopy has emerged as a key tool for quantifying the thickness of these calcite plates, but the reproducibility and accuracy of such determinations has been limited by the absence of suitable calibration materials in the thickness range of coccoliths (0–4 µm). Here, we describe the fabrication of a calcite wedge with a constant slope over this thickness range, and the independent determination of calcite thickness along the wedge profile. We show how the calcite wedge provides more robust calibrations in the 0 to 1.55 µm range than previous approaches using rhabdoliths. We show the particular advantages of the calcite wedge approach for developing equations to relate thickness to the interference colors that arise in calcite in the thickness range between 1.55 and 4 µm. The calcite wedge approach can be applied to develop equations relevant to the particular light spectra and intensity of any polarized light microscope system and could significantly improve inter-laboratory data comparability.

The determination of the stereochemistry of epoxides located at the 5,6-positions of decalinic systems: An empirical method based on 13C NMR chemical shifts

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 774-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel M Cravero ◽  
Guillermo R Labadie ◽  
Manuel González Sierra
Keyword(s):  
13C Nmr ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
Chemical Shifts ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Nmr Chemical Shifts ◽  
13C Nmr Chemical Shifts ◽  
Empirical Rule ◽  
C Nmr

The 13C NMR spectra of a series of 5,6-epoxides in decalinic systems were studied. The interpretation of the chemical shifts allowed us to formulate an empirical rule to predict the epoxide stereochemistry. A discussion of the scope and limitations of this method and its extension to larger carbon skeletons is also presented.Key words: epoxide stereochemistry, 13C NMR, NMR, decalinic systems, oxiranes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document