Bright and Water-Soluble Near IR-Emitting CdSe/CdTe/ZnSe Type-II/Type-I Nanocrystals, Tuning the Efficiency and Stability by Growth

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 4847-4853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridgette Blackman ◽  
David Battaglia ◽  
Xiaogang Peng
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Near Ir

Substitution of phenol in phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins by wood tar for plywood adhesives

Holzforschung ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun-Tsung Lu ◽  
Lang-Yue Wu
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Acacia Confusa ◽  
Wood Tar

Abstract Wood tars from Acacia confusa Merr. and Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. were produced by reduced pressure distillation at 76 mm Hg and 50°C from the bottom layer of crude wood vinegars that had set for over 6 months. The feasibility of using water-soluble, resole-type, wood tar phenol-formaldehyde resins (WT-PF) was investigated. The resins were prepared from phenol (P) and wood tars (WTs) at weight ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40 and 40:60 and F/P molar ratios of 1.5, 1.8 and 2.0 as plywood adhesives. The results demonstrated that WT-PF resins had a higher viscosity, shorter gel times, a higher polydispersity, a lower curing temperature and less heat of curing than conventional PF resins under the same conditions. The shear strength of plywood bonded with WT-PF resins was slightly lower than that of conventional PF resin. However, the WT-PF resin still met the CNS 1349 requirement for the dry test, and phenol substitution levels could be up to 60%, but only 20% for type I and type II plywood. The addition of A. confusa bark powder fillers could significantly improve the bonding strength of WT-PF resins, especially for the warm water soaking and soaking in boiling water tests. The required amounts of fillers added were up to 5% for A. confusa WT-PF resins and up to 3% for C. japonica resins.

scholarly journals Inorganic Salts and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Mechanistic Conundrums?

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 3190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Hamblin ◽  
Heidi Abrahamse
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Singlet Oxygen ◽  
Potassium Thiocyanate ◽  
Molecular Iodine ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Type I ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Type Ii

We have recently discovered that the photodynamic action of many different photosensitizers (PSs) can be dramatically potentiated by addition of a solution containing a range of different inorganic salts. Most of these studies have centered around antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation that kills Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in suspension. Addition of non-toxic water-soluble salts during illumination can kill up to six additional logs of bacterial cells (one million-fold improvement). The PSs investigated range from those that undergo mainly Type I photochemical mechanisms (electron transfer to produce superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals), such as phenothiazinium dyes, fullerenes, and titanium dioxide, to those that are mainly Type II (energy transfer to produce singlet oxygen), such as porphyrins, and Rose Bengal. At one extreme of the salts is sodium azide, that quenches singlet oxygen but can produce azide radicals (presumed to be highly reactive) via electron transfer from photoexcited phenothiazinium dyes. Potassium iodide is oxidized to molecular iodine by both Type I and Type II PSs, but may also form reactive iodine species. Potassium bromide is oxidized to hypobromite, but only by titanium dioxide photocatalysis (Type I). Potassium thiocyanate appears to require a mixture of Type I and Type II photochemistry to first produce sulfite, that can then form the sulfur trioxide radical anion. Potassium selenocyanate can react with either Type I or Type II (or indeed with other oxidizing agents) to produce the semi-stable selenocyanogen (SCN)2. Finally, sodium nitrite may react with either Type I or Type II PSs to produce peroxynitrate (again, semi-stable) that can kill bacteria and nitrate tyrosine. Many of these salts (except azide) are non-toxic, and may be clinically applicable.

scholarly journals Water soluble organic electrochromic materials

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 5245-5264
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Welsh ◽  
Emily R. Draper
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Electrochromic Materials ◽  
Different Types

Here we discuss water soluble organic chromic materials classed as two different types, Type I - colourless to coloured and Type II - coloured to coloured states. This change in colour is vital in their applications.

Heat-Etching with a Bullivant Type II Simple Freeze-Cleave Device

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 106-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald S. Weinstein ◽  
N. Scott McNutt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Massachusetts General Hospital ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Collaborative Effort ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
The University

The Type I simple cold block device was described by Bullivant and Ames in 1966 and represented the product of the first successful effort to simplify the equipment required to do sophisticated freeze-cleave techniques. Bullivant, Weinstein and Someda described the Type II device which is a modification of the Type I device and was developed as a collaborative effort at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the University of Auckland, New Zealand. The modifications reduced specimen contamination and provided controlled specimen warming for heat-etching of fracture faces. We have now tested the Mass. General Hospital version of the Type II device (called the “Type II-MGH device”) on a wide variety of biological specimens and have established temperature and pressure curves for routine heat-etching with the device.

Labelling of non-A, non-B hepatitis infected chimpanzee hepatocytes with nuclease-gold conjugates

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 250-251
Author(s):  
G. D. Gagne ◽  
M. F. Miller ◽  
D. A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cellular Injury ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Tubular Structures ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Infected Chimpanzee

Experimental infection of chimpanzees with non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) or with delta agent hepatitis results in the appearance of characteristic cytoplasmic alterations in the hepatocytes. These alterations include spongelike inclusions (Type I), attached convoluted membranes (Type II), tubular structures (Type III), and microtubular aggregates (Type IV) (Fig. 1). Type I, II and III structures are, by association, believed to be derived from endoplasmic reticulum and may be morphogenetically related. Type IV structures are generally observed free in the cytoplasm but sometimes in the vicinity of type III structures. It is not known whether these structures are somehow involved in the replication and/or assembly of the putative NANB virus or whether they are simply nonspecific responses to cellular injury. When treated with uranyl acetate, type I, II and III structures stain intensely as if they might contain nucleic acids. If these structures do correspond to intermediates in the replication of a virus, one might expect them to contain DNA or RNA and the present study was undertaken to explore this possibility.

Comparative surface and ultrastructural views of methylotrophic bacteria by TEM, STEM, SE, and freeze-etch electron microscopy.

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 792-793
Author(s):  
T.A. Fassel ◽  
M.J. Schaller ◽  
M.E. Lidstrom ◽  
C.C. Remsen
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Methylotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Membrane Complex ◽  
Oxidation Of Methane ◽  
Methane Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Methylomonas Albus

Methylotrophic bacteria play an Important role in the environment in the oxidation of methane and methanol. Extensive intracytoplasmic membranes (ICM) have been associated with the oxidation processes in methylotrophs and chemolithotrophic bacteria. Classification on the basis of ICM arrangement distinguishes 2 types of methylotrophs. Bundles or vesicular stacks of ICM located away from the cytoplasmic membrane and extending into the cytoplasm are present in Type I methylotrophs. In Type II methylotrophs, the ICM form pairs of peripheral membranes located parallel to the cytoplasmic membrane. Complex cell wall structures of tightly packed cup-shaped subunits have been described in strains of marine and freshwater phototrophic sulfur bacteria and several strains of methane oxidizing bacteria. We examined the ultrastructure of the methylotrophs with particular view of the ICM and surface structural features, between representatives of the Type I Methylomonas albus (BG8), and Type II Methylosinus trichosporium (OB-36).

OPTICAL STUDIES OF TYPE I AND TYPE II RECOMBINATION IN GaAs-AlAs QUANTUM WELLS

1987 ◽  
Vol 48 (C5) ◽  
pp. C5-525-C5-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. MOORE ◽  
P. DAWSON ◽  
C. T. FOXON
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Wells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Optical Studies

An old friend is better than two new ones? Approaches to market research in the context of digital transformation for the antitrust laws enforcement

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Shastitko ◽  
O. A. Markova
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Market Definition ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Type Ii Errors

Digital transformation has led to changes in business models of traditional players in the existing markets. What is more, new entrants and new markets appeared, in particular platforms and multisided markets. The emergence and rapid development of platforms are caused primarily by the existence of so called indirect network externalities. Regarding to this, a question arises of whether the existing instruments of competition law enforcement and market analysis are still relevant when analyzing markets with digital platforms? This paper aims at discussing advantages and disadvantages of using various tools to define markets with platforms. In particular, we define the features of the SSNIP test when being applyed to markets with platforms. Furthermore, we analyze adjustment in tests for platform market definition in terms of possible type I and type II errors. All in all, it turns out that to reduce the likelihood of type I and type II errors while applying market definition technique to markets with platforms one should consider the type of platform analyzed: transaction platforms without pass-through and non-transaction matching platforms should be tackled as players in a multisided market, whereas non-transaction platforms should be analyzed as players in several interrelated markets. However, if the platform is allowed to adjust prices, there emerges additional challenge that the regulator and companies may manipulate the results of SSNIP test by applying different models of competition.

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