Synthesis and Steady-State Photophysical Properties of Dye-Labeled Dendrimers Having Novel Oligothiophene Cores:  A Comparative Study

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1463-1472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Adronov ◽  
Patrick R. L. Malenfant ◽  
Jean M. J. Fréchet
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Photophysical Properties

A comparative study on the photophysical properties of anthocyanins and pyranoanthocyanins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Phan ◽  
Steven De Meester ◽  
Katleen Raes ◽  
Karen De Clerck ◽  
Veronique Van Speybroeck
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Photophysical Properties

Cerebral metabolism in sheep: a comparative study of the adult, the lamb, and the fetus

1975 ◽  
Vol 229 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jones MD ◽  
LI Burd ◽  
EL Makowski ◽  
G Meschia ◽  
FC Battaglia
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Cerebral Metabolism ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Sagittal Sinus ◽  
Sheep Brain ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate ◽  
Arteriovenous Difference

The cerebral uptakes of glucose, oxygen, lactate, pyruvate, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate were compared in the adult, the fetal, and the newborn sheep. Beginning 1-2 days after surgery, we withdrew samples simultaneously from an artery and from the sagittal sinus for up to 2 wk. At all ages glucose was the only substrate taken up in significant quantity relative to oxygen. The glucose-oxygen quotients were 0.98 less than 1.03 less than 1.08 in adults; 0.92 less than 0.99 less than 1.06 in lambs; 0.92 less than 0.98 less than 1.03 in fetuses. These quotients were not significantly different. There was a significant (P less than .05) arteriovenous difference for lactate in the adult (-0.031 mM), but not in the lamb or fetus. A significant (P less than .05) arteriovenous difference pyruvate was found in the adult (-0.013 mM) and in the fetus (-0.020 mM). The findings of a glucose-oxygen quotient of approximately 1 and the lack of significant lactate production in fetal sheep brain are consistent with the hypothesis that anerobic glycolysis is unimportant to the steady-state cerebral metabolism of the fetal sheep.

scholarly journals Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Sensorless Control Using Proportional-Integral Linear Observer with Virtual Variables: A Comparative Study with a Sliding Mode Observer

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baochao Wang ◽  
Yangrui Wang ◽  
Liguo Feng ◽  
Shanlin Jiang ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
Parameter Uncertainty ◽  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor ◽  
Phase Delay ◽  
Proportional Integral ◽  
Linear Observer ◽  
Real Plant

Quick convergence, simple implementation, and accurate estimation are essential features of realizing permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) position estimation for sensorless control using microcontrollers. A linear observer is often designed on real plant variables and is more sensitive to parameter uncertainty/variations. Thus, conventionally, a sliding mode observer (SMO)-based technique is widely used for its simplicity and convergence ability against parameter uncertainty. Although SMO has been improved for switching chattering and phase delay, it provides purely proportional gain, which leads to steady-state error and chattering in observation results. Different from conventional linear observer using real plant variables or SMO with proportional gain, a simple proportional-integral linear observer (PILO) using virtual variables is proposed in this paper. This paper also provides a comparative study with SMO. By introducing virtual variables without physical meaning, the PILO is able to simplify observer relations, get smaller phase shifts, adapt mismatched parameters, and obtain a fixed phase-shift relation. The PILO is not only simple, but also improves the estimation precision by solving the controversy between chattering and phase-delay, steady-state error. Moreover, the PILO is less sensitive to parameters mismatching. Simulation and experimental results indicate the merits of the PILO technique.

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