In Situ Monitoring of the Impact of Liquid−Liquid Phase Separation on Drug Crystallization by Seeding

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1175-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Lafferrère ◽  
Christian Hoff ◽  
Stéphane Veesler
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Liquid Phase Separation ◽  
In Situ Monitoring ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Liquid Liquid Phase Separation

In situ monitoring, control and optimization of a liquid–liquid phase separation crystallization

2012 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 112-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Duffy ◽  
N. Cremin ◽  
M. Napier ◽  
S. Robinson ◽  
M. Barrett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Liquid Phase Separation ◽  
In Situ Monitoring ◽  
Liquid Liquid Phase Separation

scholarly journals Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in Crowded Environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain A. M. André ◽  
Evan Spruijt
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Macromolecular Crowding ◽  
Liquid Phase Separation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Crowded Environments ◽  
Liquid Liquid Phase Separation ◽  
In Cells

Biomolecular condensates play a key role in organizing cellular fluids such as the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. Most of these non-membranous organelles show liquid-like properties both in cells and when studied in vitro through liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) of purified proteins. In general, LLPS of proteins is known to be sensitive to variations in pH, temperature and ionic strength, but the role of crowding remains underappreciated. Several decades of research have shown that macromolecular crowding can have profound effects on protein interactions, folding and aggregation, and it must, by extension, also impact LLPS. However, the precise role of crowding in LLPS is far from trivial, as most condensate components have a disordered nature and exhibit multiple weak attractive interactions. Here, we discuss which factors determine the scope of LLPS in crowded environments, and we review the evidence for the impact of macromolecular crowding on phase boundaries, partitioning behavior and condensate properties. Based on a comparison of both in vivo and in vitro LLPS studies, we propose that phase separation in cells does not solely rely on attractive interactions, but shows important similarities to segregative phase separation.

scholarly journals In Situ Observation of Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation of Glass under Microgravity

2005 ◽  
Vol 113 (1321) ◽  
pp. 593-596
Author(s):  
Yuji MINAMI ◽  
Akio MAKISHIMA ◽  
Akira TANJI ◽  
Tomoya KONISHI ◽  
Satoru INOUE
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Liquid Phase Separation ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Liquid Liquid Phase Separation

scholarly journals Liquid-liquid phase separation driven compartmentalization of reactive nucleoplasm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabia Laghmach ◽  
Davit A Potoyan
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Phase Separation ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Liquid Phase Separation ◽  
Nuclear Bodies ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Liquid Liquid Phase Separation

AbstractThe nucleus of eukaryotic cells harbors active and out of equilibrium environments conducive to diverse gene regulatory processes. On a molecular scale, gene regulatory processes take place within hierarchically compartmentalized sub-nuclear bodies. While the impact of nuclear structure on gene regulation is widely appreciated, it has remained much less clear whether and how gene regulation is impacting nuclear order itself. Recently, the liquid-liquid phase separation emerged as a fundamental mechanism driving the formation of biomolecular condensates, including membrane-less organelles, chromatin territories, and transcriptional domains. The transience and environmental sensitivity of biomolecular condensation are strongly suggestive of kinetic gene-regulatory control of phase separation. To better understand kinetic aspects controlling biomolecular phase-separation, we have constructed a minimalist model of the reactive nucleoplasm. The model is based on the Cahn-Hilliard formulation of ternary protein-RNA-nucleoplasm components coupled to non-equilibrium and spatially dependent gene expression. We find a broad range of kinetic regimes through an extensive set of simulations where the interplay of phase separation and reactive timescales can generate heterogeneous multi-modal gene expression patterns. Furthermore, the significance of this finding is that heterogeneity of gene expression is linked directly with the heterogeneity of length-scales in phase-separated condensates.

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