Natural and Unnatural Organic Matter in the Atmosphere: Recent Perspectives on the High Molecular Weight Fraction of Organic Aerosol

2014 ◽  
pp. 87-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany R. Duhl ◽  
Nicholas Clements ◽  
Natalie Mladenov ◽  
Kaelin Cawley ◽  
Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
High Molecular Weight Fraction

Studies on the Functionality of Newly Synthesized Fibrinogen after Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction with Streptokinase, Increase in the Rate of Fibrinopeptide Release

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (06) ◽  
pp. 0978-0983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edelmiro Regano ◽  
Virtudes Vila ◽  
Justo Aznar ◽  
Victoria Lacueva ◽  
Vicenta Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Steady State ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Coronary Arteries ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
High Molecular Weight Fraction ◽  
Fibrinopeptide A

SummaryIn 15 patients with acute myocardial infarction who received 1,500,000 U of streptokinase, the gradual appearance of newly synthesized fibrinogen and the fibrinopeptide release during the first 35 h after SK treatment were evaluated. At 5 h the fibrinogen circulating in plasma was observed as the high molecular weight fraction (HMW-Fg). The concentration of HMW-Fg increased continuously, and at 20 h reached values higher than those obtained from normal plasma. HMW-Fg represented about 95% of the total fibrinogen during the first 35 h. The degree of phosphorylation of patient fibrinogen increased from 30% before treatment to 65% during the first 5 h, and then slowly declined to 50% at 35 h.The early rates of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and phosphorylated fibrinopeptide A (FPAp) release are higher in patient fibrinogen than in isolated normal HMW-Fg and normal fibrinogen after thrombin addition. The early rate of fibrinopeptide B (FPB) release is the same for the three fibrinogen groups. However, the late rate of FPB release is higher in patient fibrinogen than in normal HMW-Fg and normal fibrinogen. Therefore, the newly synthesized fibrinogen clots faster than fibrinogen in the normal steady state.In two of the 15 patients who had occluded coronary arteries after SK treatment the HMW-Fg and FPAp levels increased as compared with the 13 patients who had patent coronary arteries.These results provide some support for the idea that an increased synthesis of fibrinogen in circulation may result in a procoagulant tendency. If this is so, the HMW-Fg and FPAp content may serve as a risk index for thrombosis.

scholarly journals ‘Tanned’ gelatin spheres and granules for exclusion chromatography

1968 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Polson ◽  
W. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
High Flow ◽  
High Molecular Weight Fraction ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Protein Molecules ◽  
Exclusion Chromatography

1. The preparation of tanned gelatin spheres and granules from high-molecular-weight gelatin is described. This material is comparatively hard, giving high flow rates, is insoluble in water at temperatures between 0° and 100° and is resistant to digestion by trypsin and chymotrypsin. The high-molecular-weight fraction of gelatin was prepared by precipitation with polyethylene glycol, and the spheres and granules prepared from this fraction were hardened and insolubilized by tanning with either formalin or chromium salts or both. 2. The spheres and granules were used successfully for the separation of protein molecules and other protein-aceous materials ranging in molecular weight from 200 to greater than 6000000. This gel exclusion material has several properties superior to those of other products used for similar purposes. Further, it was noticed that the porosity of the spheres differed considerably from that of the granules.

Some Osmotic Measurements of the Molecular Weight of a High Molecular-Weight Fraction of Rubber Hydrocarbon

1955 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 504-507
Author(s):  
G. W. Drake
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
High Molecular Weight Fraction ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Molecular Weight Fractions ◽  
Temperate Climates

Abstract Fractionation of the rubber hydrocarbon in temperate climates has usually resulted in high molecular-weight fractions, with a molecular weight of the order of one million. Bloomfield has shown that fresh latex contains a considerable proportion of hydrocarbon having an intrinsic viscosity (η) of 10 or over and, therefore, a molecular weight of well over 106. The fractionation technique used by Bloomfield in Malaya has now been applied by the writer to smoked sheet and to F rubber, working in the United Kingdom. No very high molecular-weight fractions were found in the smoked sheet, but the F rubber yielded a fraction of (η)=7.3 and a number average molecular weight 6×106, determined osmometrically. The average molecular weight of natural rubber when freshly prepared is probably well over a million, and includes a substantial portion having a molecular weight of several millions. By the time smoked sheet has reached temperate climates, the high molecular-weight portion has probably been converted to gel. F rubber, presumably because of its different method of preparation, retains the major part of its high molecular-weight material during prolonged storage.

Uptake of Zinc by the Aquatic Larvae of Simulium ornatipes (Diptera : Nematocera)

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
JGT Carter ◽  
WL Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
High Molecular Weight Fraction ◽  
Phosphonic Acids ◽  
Calcium Ion Concentration ◽  
Molecular Weight Fractions

The uptake and loss of zinc by the aquatic larvae of the blackfly S. ornatipes was investigated using radioactive 65Zn. Larvae may absorb significant quantities of zinc from solution, and a substantial proportion remains in the body when larvae are transferred to zinc-free water. Uptake is assisted by metabolism, but an increase of the calcium ion concentration, although reducing toxicity, has no effect on uptake, exchange or the loss of zinc. Larvae may be fractionated into 'cuticle', 'high-' and 'low-molecular-weight' fractions, based on solubility in water and 80% (v/v) ethanol. In the cuticle and high-molecular-weight fractions two 'pools' may be identified by dialysis against Na3EDTA -a pool in which zinc is weakly held and exchanges rapidly with the zinc in solution, and one where zinc is held and exchanges slowly. Exposure time, temperature, and external concentration influence the quantity of zinc entering these pools. Washing the cuticle and high-molecular-weight fractions with a series of buffers suggests that zinc is bound by phenolic groups in the cuticle fraction, and by phosphonic acids in the high-molecular-weight fraction. Sulfhydryl groups did not bind a major portion of the zinc.

scholarly journals An Assessment of the Bioactivity of Coffee Silverskin Melanoidins

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Tores de la Cruz ◽  
Amaia Iriondo-DeHond ◽  
Teresa Herrera ◽  
Yolanda Lopez-Tofiño ◽  
Carlos Galvez-Robleño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
High Molecular Weight Fraction ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Coffee Silverskin

Melanoidins present in coffee silverskin, the only by-product of the roasting process, are formed via the Maillard reaction. The exact structure, biological properties, and mechanism of action of coffee silverskin melanoidins, remain unknown. This research work aimed to contribute to this novel knowledge. To achieve this goal, melanoidins were obtained from an aqueous extract of Arabica coffee silverskin (WO2013004873A1) and was isolated through ultrafiltration (>10 kDa). The isolation protocol was optimized and the chemical composition of the high molecular weight fraction (>10 kDa) was evaluated, by analyzing the content of protein, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and the total dietary fiber. In addition, the structural analysis was performed by infrared spectroscopy. Antioxidant properties were studied in vitro and the fiber effect was studied in vivo, in healthy male Wistar rats. Melanoidins were administered to animals in the drinking water at a dose of 1 g/kg. At the fourth week of treatment, gastrointestinal motility was evaluated through non-invasive radiographic means. In conclusion, the isolation process was effective in obtaining a high molecular weight fraction, composed mainly of dietary fiber, including melanoidins, with in vitro antioxidant capacity and in vivo dietary fiber effects.

FRACTIONATION OF LIVER SOMATOMEDIN ACTIVITY BY ULTRAFILTRATION

1974 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
JENNIFER M. DEHNEL ◽  
P. D. McCONAGHEY ◽  
M. J. O. FRANCIS
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight Fraction ◽  
Cartilage Growth ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Somatomedin Inhibitors

SUMMARY Plasma somatomedin is the intermediary through which growth hormone (GH) exerts its effects on the growing skeleton. Somatomedin activity may be produced in vitro by perfusion of the liver and kidneys of rats with Waymouth's medium containing GH. The relationship between the activity of plasma somatomedin and somatomedin of hepatic and renal origin has yet to be clarified. Somatomedin from plasma can be separated into active fractions of both high and low molecular weight. Similarly, ultrafiltration of medium containing somatomedin of hepatic origin indicates the existence of two active fractions, one of high molecular weight (greater than 50000) and one of low molecular weight (less than 1000). The latter can be attributed to the release of amino acids, such as serine and glutamine, by the perfused tissue. The high molecular weight fraction is believed to represent GH-dependent somatomedin. Fractions that inhibit production of cartilage matrix are present in liver perfusates as well as in plasma. These results provide further evidence that the liver is a source of GH-dependent somatomedin in vivo. Furthermore, cartilage growth may be controlled not only by the GH-stimulated release of somatomedin by the liver, but also by its release of acid-labile somatomedin inhibitors.

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