C-Terminal Mutations in the Chloroplast ATP Synthase γ Subunit Impair ATP Synthesis and Stimulate ATP Hydrolysis†

Biochemistry ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 836-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng He ◽  
Hardeep S. Samra ◽  
Eric A. Johnson ◽  
Nicholas R. Degner ◽  
Richard E. McCarty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atp Synthase ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Chloroplast Atp Synthase ◽  
Γ Subunit

scholarly journals Structural basis of redox modulation on chloroplast ATP synthase

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay-How Yang ◽  
Dewight Williams ◽  
Eaazhisai Kandiah ◽  
Petra Fromme ◽  
Po-Lin Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Atp Synthase ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Redox Modulation ◽  
Disulfide Linkage ◽  
Chloroplast Atp Synthase ◽  
Γ Subunit

AbstractIn higher plants, chloroplast ATP synthase has a unique redox switch on its γ subunit that modulates enzyme activity to limit ATP hydrolysis at night. To understand the molecular details of the redox modulation, we used single-particle cryo-EM to determine the structures of spinach chloroplast ATP synthase in both reduced and oxidized states. The disulfide linkage of the oxidized γ subunit introduces a torsional constraint to stabilize the two β hairpin structures. Once reduced, free cysteines alleviate this constraint, resulting in a concerted motion of the enzyme complex and a smooth transition between rotary states to facilitate the ATP synthesis. We added an uncompetitive inhibitor, tentoxin, in the reduced sample to limit the flexibility of the enzyme and obtained high-resolution details. Our cryo-EM structures provide mechanistic insight into the redox modulation of the energy regulation activity of chloroplast ATP synthase.

scholarly journals ECS-based investigation of chloroplast ATP synthase regulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Buchert ◽  
Benjamin Bailleul ◽  
Pierre Joliot
Keyword(s):  
Atp Synthase ◽  
Redox Regulation ◽  
Spectroscopic Method ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Redox States ◽  
Chloroplast Atp Synthase ◽  
Γ Subunit ◽  
Synthase Regulation

AbstractThe chloroplast ATP synthase (CF1Fo) contains a specific feature to the green lineage: a γ-subunit redox domain which contains a cysteine couple and interacts with the torque-generating βDELSEED-loop. Based on the recently solved structure of this domain, it was proposed to function as a chock. In vitro, γ-disulfide formation slows down the activity of the CF1Fo at low transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient . Here, we utilize in vivo absorption spectroscopy measurements for functional CF1Fo activity characterization in Arabidopsis leaves. The spectroscopic method allows us to measure the present in dark-adapted leaves, and to identify its mitochondrial sources. Furthermore, we follow the fate of the extra generated by an illumination, including its osmotic and electric components, and from there we estimate the lifetime of the light-generated ATP. In contrast with a previous report [Joliot and Joliot, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1777 (2008) 676-683], the CF1Fo γ-subunit exists mostly in an oxidized form in the dark-adapted state. To study the redox regulation of the CF1Fo, we used thiol agent infiltration in WT and a mutant that does not form the γ-disulfide. The obtained -dependent CF1Fo activity profile in the two γ-redox states in vivo reconciles with previous biochemical in vitro findings [Junesch and Gräber, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 893 (1987) 275-288]. The highest rates of ATP synthesis we measured in the two γ-redox state were similar at high . In the presence of the γ-dithiol, similar rates were obtained at a ~45 mV lower value compared to the oxidized state, which closely resembled the energetic gap of 0.7 ΔpH units reported in vitro.

scholarly journals Two genes, atpC1 and atpC2, for the γ subunit of Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplast ATP synthase

1991 ◽  
Vol 266 (12) ◽  
pp. 7333-7338
Author(s):  
N Inohara ◽  
A Iwamoto ◽  
Y Moriyama ◽  
S Shimomura ◽  
M Maeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Atp Synthase ◽  
Chloroplast Atp Synthase ◽  
Γ Subunit

scholarly journals Aerobic Growth of Escherichia coli Is Reduced, and ATP Synthesis Is Selectively Inhibited when Five C-terminal Residues Are Deleted from the ϵ Subunit of ATP Synthase

2015 ◽  
Vol 290 (34) ◽  
pp. 21032-21041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naman B. Shah ◽  
Thomas M. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Atp Synthase ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Intrinsic Rate ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Final Segment ◽  
Rotary Catalysis

F-type ATP synthases are rotary nanomotor enzymes involved in cellular energy metabolism in eukaryotes and eubacteria. The ATP synthase from Gram-positive and -negative model bacteria can be autoinhibited by the C-terminal domain of its ϵ subunit (ϵCTD), but the importance of ϵ inhibition in vivo is unclear. Functional rotation is thought to be blocked by insertion of the latter half of the ϵCTD into the central cavity of the catalytic complex (F1). In the inhibited state of the Escherichia coli enzyme, the final segment of ϵCTD is deeply buried but has few specific interactions with other subunits. This region of the ϵCTD is variable or absent in other bacteria that exhibit strong ϵ-inhibition in vitro. Here, genetically deleting the last five residues of the ϵCTD (ϵΔ5) caused a greater defect in respiratory growth than did the complete absence of the ϵCTD. Isolated membranes with ϵΔ5 generated proton-motive force by respiration as effectively as with wild-type ϵ but showed a nearly 3-fold decrease in ATP synthesis rate. In contrast, the ϵΔ5 truncation did not change the intrinsic rate of ATP hydrolysis with membranes. Further, the ϵΔ5 subunit retained high affinity for isolated F1 but reduced the maximal inhibition of F1-ATPase by ϵ from >90% to ∼20%. The results suggest that the ϵCTD has distinct regulatory interactions with F1 when rotary catalysis operates in opposite directions for the hydrolysis or synthesis of ATP.

scholarly journals An ATP synthase harboring an atypical γ-subunit is involved in ATP synthesis in tomato fruit chromoplasts

2013 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irini Pateraki ◽  
Marta Renato ◽  
Joaquín Azcón-Bieto ◽  
Albert Boronat
Keyword(s):  
Atp Synthase ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Γ Subunit

scholarly journals Purification and Biochemical Characterization of the F1Fo-ATP Synthase from Thermoalkaliphilic Bacillus sp. Strain TA2.A1

2003 ◽  
Vol 185 (15) ◽  
pp. 4442-4449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Cook ◽  
Stefanie Keis ◽  
Hugh W. Morgan ◽  
Christoph von Ballmoos ◽  
Ulrich Matthey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atp Synthase ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Protein Sequencing ◽  
Hydrolysis Activity

ABSTRACT We describe here purification and biochemical characterization of the F1Fo-ATP synthase from the thermoalkaliphilic organism Bacillus sp. strain TA2.A1. The purified enzyme produced the typical subunit pattern of an F1Fo-ATP synthase on a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel, with F1 subunits α, β, γ, δ, and ε and Fo subunits a, b, and c. The subunits were identified by N-terminal protein sequencing and mass spectroscopy. A notable feature of the ATP synthase from strain TA2.A1 was its specific blockage in ATP hydrolysis activity. ATPase activity was unmasked by using the detergent lauryldimethylamine oxide (LDAO), which activated ATP hydrolysis >15-fold. This activation was the same for either the F1Fo holoenzyme or the isolated F1 moiety, and therefore latent ATP hydrolysis activity is an intrinsic property of F1. After reconstitution into proteoliposomes, the enzyme catalyzed ATP synthesis driven by an artificially induced transmembrane electrical potential (Δψ). A transmembrane proton gradient or sodium ion gradient in the absence of Δψ was not sufficient to drive ATP synthesis. ATP synthesis was eliminated by the electrogenic protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, while the electroneutral Na+/H+ antiporter monensin had no effect. Neither ATP synthesis nor ATP hydrolysis was stimulated by Na+ ions, suggesting that protons are the coupling ions of the ATP synthase from strain TA2.A1, as documented previously for mesophilic alkaliphilic Bacillus species. The ATP synthase was specifically modified at its c subunits by N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and this modification inhibited ATP synthesis.

scholarly journals Structure of a bacterial ATP synthase

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Guo ◽  
Toshiharu Suzuki ◽  
John L. Rubinstein
Keyword(s):  
Atp Synthase ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Proton Translocation ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Mitochondrial Complex ◽  
Rotational States ◽  
Membrane Region ◽  
Atp Synthases

AbstractATP synthases produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate with energy from a transmembrane proton motive force. Bacterial ATP synthases have been studied extensively because they are the simplest form of the enzyme and because of the relative ease of genetic manipulation of these complexes. We expressed theBacillusPS3 ATP synthase inEschericia coli, purified it, and imaged it by cryo-EM, allowing us to build atomic models of the complex in three rotational states. The position of subunitεshows how it is able to inhibit ATP hydrolysis while allowing ATP synthesis. The architecture of the membrane region shows how the simple bacterial ATP synthase is able to perform the same core functions as the equivalent, but more complicated, mitochondrial complex. The structures reveal the path of transmembrane proton translocation and provide a model for understanding decades of biochemical analysis interrogating the roles of specific residues in the enzyme.

scholarly journals Targeting Mycobacterial F-ATP Synthase C-Terminal α Subunit Interaction Motif on Rotary Subunit γ

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1456
Author(s):  
Amaravadhi Harikishore ◽  
Chui-Fann Wong ◽  
Priya Ragunathan ◽  
Dennis Litty ◽  
Volker Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atp Synthase ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Rotational States ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Inverted Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Micromolar Range

Mycobacteria regulate their energy (ATP) levels to sustain their survival even in stringent living conditions. Recent studies have shown that mycobacteria not only slow down their respiratory rate but also block ATP hydrolysis of the F-ATP synthase (α3:β3:γ:δ:ε:a:b:b’:c9) to maintain ATP homeostasis in situations not amenable for growth. The mycobacteria-specific α C-terminus (α533-545) has unraveled to be the major regulative of latent ATP hydrolysis. Its deletion stimulates ATPase activity while reducing ATP synthesis. In one of the six rotational states of F-ATP synthase, α533-545 has been visualized to dock deep into subunit γ, thereby blocking rotation of γ within the engine. The functional role(s) of this C-terminus in the other rotational states are not clarified yet and are being still pursued in structural studies. Based on the interaction pattern of the docked α533-545 region with subunit γ, we attempted to study the druggability of the α533-545 motif. In this direction, our computational work has led to the development of an eight-featured α533-545 peptide pharmacophore, followed by database screening, molecular docking, and pose selection, resulting in eleven hit molecules. ATP synthesis inhibition assays using recombinant ATP synthase as well as mycobacterial inverted membrane vesicles show that one of the hits, AlMF1, inhibited the mycobacterial F-ATP synthase in a micromolar range. The successful targeting of the α533-545-γ interaction motif demonstrates the potential to develop inhibitors targeting the α site to interrupt rotary coupling with ATP synthesis.

scholarly journals The structure of the catalytic domain of the ATP synthase fromMycobacterium smegmatisis a target for developing antitubercular drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (10) ◽  
pp. 4206-4211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Tianbu Zhang ◽  
Martin G. Montgomery ◽  
Andrew G. W. Leslie ◽  
Gregory M. Cook ◽  
John E. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Atp Synthase ◽  
Mycobacterium Smegmatis ◽  
Catalytic Domain ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Geobacillus Stearothermophilus ◽  
Antitubercular Drugs ◽  
Atp Binding Site ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Catalytic Cycles

The crystal structure of the F1-catalytic domain of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase has been determined fromMycobacterium smegmatiswhich hydrolyzes ATP very poorly. The structure of the α3β3-component of the catalytic domain is similar to those in active F1-ATPases inEscherichia coliandGeobacillus stearothermophilus. However, its ε-subunit differs from those in these two active bacterial F1-ATPases as an ATP molecule is not bound to the two α-helices forming its C-terminal domain, probably because they are shorter than those in active enzymes and they lack an amino acid that contributes to the ATP binding site in active enzymes. InE. coliandG. stearothermophilus, the α-helices adopt an “up” state where the α-helices enter the α3β3-domain and prevent the rotor from turning. The mycobacterial F1-ATPase is most similar to the F1-ATPase fromCaldalkalibacillus thermarum, which also hydrolyzes ATP poorly. The βE-subunits in both enzymes are in the usual “open” conformation but appear to be occupied uniquely by the combination of an adenosine 5′-diphosphate molecule with no magnesium ion plus phosphate. This occupation is consistent with the finding that their rotors have been arrested at the same point in their rotary catalytic cycles. These bound hydrolytic products are probably the basis of the inhibition of ATP hydrolysis. It can be envisaged that specific as yet unidentified small molecules might bind to the F1domain inMycobacterium tuberculosis, prevent ATP synthesis, and inhibit the growth of the pathogen.

Kinetics of Proton-Transport-Coupled ATP Synthesis Catalyzed by the Chloroplast ATP Synthase

1986 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 1034-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gräber ◽  
P. Fromme ◽  
U. Junesch ◽  
G. Schmidt ◽  
G. Thulke
Keyword(s):  
Atp Synthase ◽  
Proton Transport ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Chloroplast Atp Synthase ◽  
Kinetics Of
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