ABSTRACTThe Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) is the largest family of secondary active membrane transporters and is found in all domains of Life. MFS proteins are known to adopt different conformational states, yet details on the interconversion rates are crucially needed to understand or target their transport mechanism. Here, we studied the proton/multidrug antiporter LmrP as a model system for antibiotic resistance development in bacteria. The conformational cycle of LmrP is triggered by the protonation of a network of specific amino acids, yet the role of the transported substrate in these transitions has been puzzling. To measure LmrP structure in real-time, we performed solution-based single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) using a confocal microscope with direct alternating donor/acceptor excitation and multiparameter (intensity, lifetime, anisotropy) detection. Lowering pH from 8 to 5 triggered an overall conformational transition, corroborating that detergent solubilization allows studying the LmrP transport cycle using smFRET. Using a newly developed linear 3-state photon distribution analysis (PDA) model, we show that the apo protein interconverted between two structures at low rate (>>10 ms dwell time) at the cytosolic side while it interconverts dynamically between the 3 states (< 10 ms dwell time) at the extracellular side. When the Hoechst 33342 model substrate is added, inward conformational interconversions are greatly accelerated, coupled to an overall outward conformational halting, consistently with efficient proton exchange with the extracellular environment. Roxithromycin substrate binding did not halt but shift conformational interconversions from one pair of states to another. Substrate dependent structural heterogeneity is indicative of a general mechanism by which MFS transporters can efficiently transport a variety of substrates, and advocates for combined structure/dynamics-based drug design when targeting MDR transporters.BRIEF SUMMARYWe studied the conformational cycle of LmrP, a model for multidrug efflux pumps, using single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET). By following changes in FRET signal between different sets of positions, we specifically investigated how substrate binding modulates structural conversions between inward-open and outward-open states. Using a newly developed probabilistic analysis for describing sequential interconversion kinetics, we show that the apo protein slowly interconverts between defined states at the cytosolic and at the extracellular sides. Binding of the model substrate Hoechst33342 leads to an increase in conformational interconversions at the intracellular side while the extracellular side shows a drastic decrease in conversion, indicating a kinetic uncoupling between both sides. Remarkably, binding of roxithromycin, while also increasing interconversion on the intracellular side, did not slow the extracellular conversions. This indicates that multidrug pumps have evolved substrate-dependent transport mechanisms than enable transport of structurally diverse collection of substrates.
Conformational Dynamics of a Y-Family DNA Polymerase during Substrate Binding and Catalysis As Revealed by Interdomain Förster Resonance Energy Transfer