Unfolding free energy changes determined by the linear extrapolation method. 1. Unfolding of phenylmethanesulfonyl .alpha.-chymotrypsin using different denaturants

Biochemistry ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (21) ◽  
pp. 8063-8068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo M. Santoro ◽  
D. W. Bolen
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Extrapolation Method ◽  
Linear Extrapolation

Extrapolation of Strain and Stress From Holographically Measured Surface Displacement

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Da¨ndliker
Keyword(s):  
Stress Field ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Cylindrical Tube ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Volume Element ◽  
Extrapolation Method ◽  
Linear Extrapolation ◽  
Elastic Materials

For isotropic elastic materials, following Hooke’s law, the strain and stress field below the surface is uniquely determined by the knowledge of the displacement of the surface itself. From the holographically measured surface displacement u and the boundary conditions for the surface-stresses one can determine all 9 components of the vector-gradient grad u, which describes the strains as well as the tilt and the rotation of a volume element adjacent to the surface. It is shown that strain and stress can be uniquely calculated in a cone-shaped zone below the observed part of the surface by stepwise linear extrapolation. The depth of this cone depends on the density of the sample points and on the accuracy of the displacement measurement on the surface, as well as on the required accuracy of the extrapolated strain and stress values. The suggested extrapolation method has been tested numerically for a thick-walled cylindrical tube under internal pressure using simulated input data. The limitations and the accuracy are discussed.

scholarly journals Threshold Voltage Extraction of 220nm FDSOI Device using Linear Extrapolation Method

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (40) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Karthik Reddy ◽  
M. Guduri ◽  
N. Lakshmi Dheshik Reddy ◽  
P. Dharani ◽  
S. Prasad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Voltage ◽  
Extrapolation Method ◽  
Linear Extrapolation

scholarly journals A Robust Method for Assaying the Immunoreactive Fraction in Nonequilibrium Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibaut Denoël ◽  
Luca Pedrelli ◽  
Giuseppe Pantaleo ◽  
John O. Prior
Keyword(s):  
Langmuir Model ◽  
Extrapolation Method ◽  
Nonequilibrium Systems ◽  
Robust Method ◽  
Linear Extrapolation ◽  
Rectangular Hyperbola ◽  
Stochastic Errors ◽  
Binding Data ◽  
Slow Kinetics ◽  
Simulation Based

The immunoreactive fraction r provides important information on the functional purity of radiolabeled proteins. It is traditionally determined by saturating the radioimmunoconjugate with an increasing excess of antigen, followed by linear extrapolation to infinite antigen excess in a double inverse “Lindmo plot”. Although several reports have described shortcomings in the Lindmo plot, a systematic examination is lacking. Using an experimental and simulation-based approach, we compared—for accuracy, precision and robustness—the Lindmo plot with the “rectangular hyperbola” extrapolation method based on the Langmuir model. The differences between the theoretical and extrapolated r values demonstrate that nonequilibrium and antigen depletion are important sources of error. The mathematical distortions resulting from the linearization of the data in the Lindmo plot induce fragility towards stochastic errors and make it necessary to exclude low bound fractions. The rectangular hyperbola provides robust and precise r estimates from raw binding data, even for slow kinetics.

scholarly journals Dissecting the statistical properties of the linear extrapolation method of determining protein stability

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 471-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Protein Stability ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Nonlinear Least Squares ◽  
Extrapolation Method ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Linear Extrapolation ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Denaturant Concentration ◽  
The Stability

Abstract The linear extrapolation method to determine protein stability from denaturant-induced unfolding experiments is based on the observation that the free energy of unfolding is often a linear function of the denaturant concentration. The value in the absence of denaturant is then estimated by extrapolation from this linear relationship. Parameters and their confidence intervals are typically estimated by nonlinear least-squares regression. We have compared different methods for calculating confidence intervals and found that a simple method based on linear theory gives accurate results. We have also compared three different parameterizations of the linear extrapolation method and show that the most commonly used form is problematic since the stability and m-value are correlated in the nonlinear least-squares analysis. Parameter correlation can in some cases causes problems in the estimation of confidence intervals and regions and should be avoided when possible. Two alternative parameterizations show much less correlation between parameters.

Full Form of the Near Tip Field for the Interface Crack between a Piezoelectric Material and a Thin Electrode

2005 ◽  
Vol 492-493 ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Häusler ◽  
Herbert Balke
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Calculation ◽  
Piezoelectric Material ◽  
Interface Crack ◽  
Extrapolation Method ◽  
Linear Extrapolation ◽  
Intensity Factors ◽  
Interfacial Cracks ◽  
Full Form ◽  
Field Intensity Factors ◽  
Thin Electrode

The Hilbert problems and their solutions of the near tip field for the permeable and the impermeable electrode-ceramic interfacial cracks are derived with the aid of the modified Stroh formalism. In addition, a linear extrapolation method for numerical calculation of field intensity factors is given. This extrapolation method is based on a special combination of the field quantities.

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