The Effect of Humectant and Wet Strength Resin on the Folding Endurance of Alkalized Paper

1981 ◽  
pp. 205-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN C. WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Wet Strength ◽  
Folding Endurance

scholarly journals The use of a PAE /bentonite binary system to improve the wet strength of paper

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 8449-8458
Author(s):  
Shuai-Bo Liang ◽  
Xiao Ning ◽  
Qing-Jin Fu ◽  
Qian Liu ◽  
Chun-Li Yao
Keyword(s):  
Binary System ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Water Retention Value ◽  
Wet Strength ◽  
Tensile Index ◽  
Folding Endurance ◽  
Electron Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Scanning Electron

Bentonite and polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin were added sequentially as a binary system to improve the properties of the paper, especially the wet strength. The results showed that the dry tensile index, the wet tensile index, and the folding endurance of the paper could be improved with only the use of polyamide polyamine epichlorohydrin resin. However, a binary system of polyamide polyamine epichlorohydrin resin and bentonite was more effective. When 0.8% polyamide polyamine epichlorohydrin resin and 0.75% bentonite were added, the dry tensile index, the wet tensile index, and the folding endurance of the paper increased by 37.8%, 2780%, and 281%, respectively, when compared to the control sample. The measurements of the water retention value and the percent fines retention of the pulp showed higher values after being treated with the binary system than being treated by polyamide polyamine epichlorohydrin resin alone. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that a binary system of polyamide polyamine epichlorohydrin resin and bentonite could increase the combination of fibers in paper.

Regulatory and sustainability initiatives lead to improved polyaminopolyamide epichlorohydrin (PAE) wet-strength resins and paper products

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (09) ◽  
pp. 519-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Crisp ◽  
Richard Riehle
Keyword(s):  
Health And Safety ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Wet Strength ◽  
The Past ◽  
Consumer Safety ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Sustainability Initiatives ◽  
The Impact

Polyaminopolyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resins are the predominant commercial products used to manufacture wet-strengthened paper products for grades requiring wet-strength permanence. Since their development in the late 1950s, the first generation (G1) resins have proven to be one of the most cost-effective technologies available to provide wet strength to paper. Throughout the past three decades, regulatory directives and sustainability initiatives from various organizations have driven the development of cleaner and safer PAE resins and paper products. Early efforts in this area focused on improving worker safety and reducing the impact of PAE resins on the environment. These efforts led to the development of resins containing significantly reduced levels of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), potentially carcinogenic byproducts formed during the manufacturing process of PAE resins. As the levels of these byproducts decreased, the environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) profile of PAE resins and paper products improved. Recent initiatives from major retailers are focusing on product ingredient transparency and quality, thus encouraging the development of safer product formulations while maintaining performance. PAE resin research over the past 20 years has been directed toward regulatory requirements to improve consumer safety and minimize exposure to potentially carcinogenic materials found in various paper products. One of the best known regulatory requirements is the recommendations of the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), which defines the levels of 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD that can be extracted by water from various food contact grades of paper. These criteria led to the development of third generation (G3) products that contain very low levels of 1,3-DCP (typically <10 parts per million in the as-received/delivered resin). This paper outlines the PAE resin chemical contributors to adsorbable organic halogens and 3-MCPD in paper and provides recommendations for the use of each PAE resin product generation (G1, G1.5, G2, G2.5, and G3).

Mineral/microfibrillated cellulose composite materials: High performance products, applications, and product forms

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (09) ◽  
pp. 507-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Skuse ◽  
Mark Windebank ◽  
Tafadzwa Motsi ◽  
Guillaume Tellier
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Wet Strength ◽  
Product Forms ◽  
Cellulose Composite

When pulp and minerals are co-processed in aqueous suspension, the mineral acts as a grinding aid, facilitating the cost-effective production of fibrils. Furthermore, this processing allows the utilization of robust industrial milling equipment. There are 40000 dry metric tons of mineral/microfbrillated (MFC) cellulose composite production capacity in operation across three continents. These mineral/MFC products have been cleared by the FDA for use as a dry and wet strength agent in coated and uncoated food contact paper and paperboard applications. We have previously reported that use of these mineral/MFC composite materials in fiber-based applications allows generally improved wet and dry mechanical properties with concomitant opportunities for cost savings, property improvements, or grade developments and that the materials can be prepared using a range of fibers and minerals. Here, we: (1) report the development of new products that offer improved performance, (2) compare the performance of these new materials with that of a range of other nanocellulosic material types, (3) illustrate the performance of these new materials in reinforcement (paper and board) and viscosification applications, and (4) discuss product form requirements for different applications.

scholarly journals FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF CHLOROTHALIDONE LOADED MOUTH DISSOLVING FILM-A BIOAVAILABILITY ENHANCEMENT APPROACH USING MULTILEVEL CATEGORIC DESIGN

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
SHUBHAM BIYANI ◽  
SARANG MALGIRWAR ◽  
RAJESHWAR KSHIRSAGAR ◽  
SAGAR KOTHAWADE
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose ◽  
Aqueous Dispersion ◽  
Onset Of Action ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol 400 ◽  
Bioavailability Enhancement ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Peg 400 ◽  
Folding Endurance

Objective: The intension of the present study includes fabrication and optimization of mouth dissolving film loaded with Chlorothalidone by solvent evaporation techniques using two components and their three levels as multilevel Categoric design. Methods: Major problem associated with the development of film loaded with BCS class II drug is to increase its solubility. Here the Chlorothalidone solubility achieved by co-solvents, such as methanol. After dissolving the drug in co-solvent, this drug solution is poured into an aqueous dispersion of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose E5 (HPMC E5) and Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400). The two independent variables selected are factor A (concentration of HPMC E5) and factor B (concentration of PEG 400) was selected on the basis of preliminary trials. The percentage drug release (R1), Disintegration time in sec (R2) and folding endurance (R3) were selected as dependent variables. Here HPMC E5 used as a film former, PEG 400 as plasticizer, mannitol as bulking agent, Sodium starch glycolate as a disintegrating agent, tween 80 as the surfactant, tartaric acid as saliva stimulating agent, sodium saccharin as a sweetener and orange flavour etc. These fabricated films were evaluated for physicochemical properties, disintegration time and In vitro drug release study. Results: The formulation F6 has more favorable responses as per multilevel categoric design is % drug release about 98.95 %, average disintegration time about 24.33 second and folding endurance is 117. Thus formulation F6 was preferred as an optimized formulation. Conclusion: The present formulation delivers medicament accurately with good therapeutic efficiency by oral administration, this mouth dissolving films having a rapid onset of action than conventional tablet formulations.

scholarly journals Development and performance study of a natural silk fiber facial mask paper

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 155892502097575
Author(s):  
Huiling Wang ◽  
Bin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Silk Fiber ◽  
Entrainment Rate ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Wet Strength ◽  
Facial Mask ◽  
Antibacterial Performance ◽  
Lower Elongation ◽  
The Common ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Acid Structure

Facial masks are beauty products which composed of a facial mask paper and beauty solution. Silk contains the amino acid structure closest to the human skin, and has the skin-friendly, cosmetic and antibacterial functions, but the common method for making nonwoven facial mask paper is not suitable for silk. In this paper, the silkworm’s spinning path is intervened manually to obtain a smart silk facial mask paper (SMC) of controllable thickness, so that the sericin on the silk fiber is well preserved. In the experiment where the SMC is compared with the nonwoven 384-cuprammonium rayon facial mask paper (CRMC) which is the most widely used in the market, it is found that the ways of forming the two facial mask paper are completely different, and therefore the morphologies under SEM are obviously different. The thickness of the SMC is 0.183 mm and the areal weight of it is 38.0 g/m2. It is very close to the CRMC (0.187 mm, 38.4 g/m2). The porosity of the SMC is 84.0%, which is slightly lower than that of the CRMC (86.3%), but its pores are well distributed. Compared with the CRMC, the smart SMC has higher dry and wet strength, lower elongation, slightly lower air permeability and liquid entrainment rate, and better antibacterial performance.

Accelerated Aging of Deacidified and Untreated Book Paper in 1967 Compared with 52 Years of Natural Aging

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-152
Author(s):  
Tali H. Horst ◽  
Richard D. Smith ◽  
Antje Potthast ◽  
Martin A. Hubbe
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Natural Aging ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Surface Ph ◽  
Room Temperature Storage ◽  
Folding Endurance ◽  
Endurance Tests ◽  
Breaking Length ◽  
Temperature Storage

AbstractThree copies of a book that had been optionally deacidified using two different procedures in 1967, and then subjected to accelerated aging, were tested again after 52 years of natural aging. Matched copies of the book Cooking the Greek Way, which had been printed in Czechoslovakia on acidic paper, were evaluated. Nonaqueous treatment of two of the copies with magnesium methoxide dissolved in chlorofluorocarbon solvent had been found in 1967 to have decreased the susceptibility to embrittlement, as evidenced by the results of the accelerated aging, followed by folding endurance tests. Retesting of the same books in 2019, after 52 years of room temperature storage, showed that the deacidification treatments had achieved the following benefits in comparison to the untreated book: (a) higher brightness; (b) higher folding endurance; (c) tensile breaking length higher in the cross-direction of the paper; (d) substantial alkaline reserve content, (e) an alkaline surface pH in the range 7.1–7.4, and (f) higher molecular mass of the cellulose. Remarkably, some of the folding endurance results matched those of unaged samples evaluated in 1967. Scanning electron micrographs showed no differences between the treated and untreated books.

scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of Fluoxetine Fast Dissolving Films: An Alternative for Noncompliance in Pediatric Patients

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 778
Author(s):  
Emőke-Margit Rédai ◽  
Paula Antonoaea ◽  
Nicoleta Todoran ◽  
Robert Alexandru Vlad ◽  
Magdalena Bîrsan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Release Kinetic ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Casting Technique ◽  
First Order ◽  
Orodispersible Films ◽  
Folding Endurance

The most used pharmaceutical formulations for children are syrups, suppositories, soft chewable capsules, and mini-tablets. Administrating them might create an administration discomfort. This study aimed to develop and evaluate orodispersible films (ODFs) for pediatric patients in which the fluoxetine (FX) is formulated in the polymeric matrix. Six FX fast dissolving films (10 mg FX/ODF), FX1, FX2, FX3, FX4, FX5, and FX6, were prepared by solvent casting technique. In the composition of the ODFs, the concentration of the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and the concentration of the propylene glycol were varied. Each formulation of fluoxetine ODF was evaluated by determining the tensile strength, folding endurance, disintegration, behavior in the controlled humidity and temperature conditions, and adhesiveness. All the obtained results were compared with the results obtained for six ODFs prepared without FX. The disintegration time of the FX ODFs was of maximum 88 s for FX2. Via the in vitro releasing study of the FX from the ODFs it was noticed that FX1 and FX2 allow a better release of the drug 99.98 ± 3.81% and 97.67 ± 3.85% being released within 15 min. From the obtained results it was also confirmed that FX ODFs were found to follow first-order release kinetic.

scholarly journals DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION OF CETRIZINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE FAST DISSOLVING FILMS EMPLOYING STARCH TARTRATE–A NOVEL SUPERDISINTEGRANT

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-86
Author(s):  
R. SANTOSH KUMAR ◽  
ANNU KUMARI ◽  
B. KUSUMA LATHA ◽  
PRUDHVI RAJ
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Drug Dissolution ◽  
In Vitro Dissolution ◽  
Content Uniformity ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Folding Endurance ◽  
Contour Plots ◽  
The Individual

Objective: The aim of the current research is optimization, preparation and evaluation of starch tartrate (novel super disintegrant) and preparation of fast dissolving oral films of cetirizine dihydrochloride by employing starch tartrate. Methods: To check the drug excipient compatibility studies of the selected drug (Cetrizine dihydrochloride) and the prepared excipient i. e starch tartrate, different studies like FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were carried out to find out whether there is any interaction between cetirizine dihydrochloride and starch tartrate. The solvent casting method was used for the preparation of fast dissolving films. The prepared films were then evaluated for thickness, folding endurance, content uniformity, tensile strength, percent elongation, in vitro disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution studies. Response surface plots and contour plots were also plotted to know the individual and combined effect of starch tartrate (A), croscarmellose sodium (B) and crospovidone (C) on disintegration time and drug dissolution efficiency in 10 min (dependent variables). Results: Films of all the formulations are of good quality, smooth and elegant by appearance. Drug content (100±5%), thickness (0.059 mm to 0.061 mm), the weight of films varies from 51.33 to 58.06 mg, folding endurance (52 to 67 times), tensile strength (10.25 to 12.08 N/mm2). Fast dissolving films were found to disintegrate between 34 to 69 sec. Percent dissolved in 5 min were found to be more in F1 formulation which confirms that starch tartrate was effective at 1%. Conclusion: From the research conducted, it was proved that starch tartrate can be used in the formulation of fast dissolving films of cetirizine dihydrochloride. The disintegration time of the films was increased with increase in concentration of super disintegrant.

Study on Surface Sizing of Cationic Polyacrylate Emulsion to Improve Mechanical Properties of Paper

2012 ◽  
Vol 200 ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Xiao Liu ◽  
Wen Cai Xu ◽  
Yan Na Yin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Positive Charge ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Machine Direction ◽  
Surface Sizing ◽  
Emulsion Layer ◽  
Folding Endurance ◽  
Tearing Strength

Cationic polyacrylate emulsion was used as surface sizing agent and the effects of emulsion properties on paper mechanical properties were studied. The mechanical properties of sized paper gradually increased with the increase of solid content, viscosity and positive charge density of emulsion and decreased with the increase of particle size of emulsion. Tensile strength, folding endurance and tearing strength on machine direction were increased 33.62%, 11.99%, 6.79% respectively when the paper with single emulsion layer was used oven drying methods.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document