Cationic Polymerization of Vinyl Monomers in Aqueous Media: From Monofunctional Oligomers to Long-Lived Polymer Chains

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei V. Kostjuk ◽  
Francois Ganachaud
Keyword(s):  
Cationic Polymerization ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Vinyl Monomers

Living cationic polymerization of vinyl monomers by organoaluminum halides

1987 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshinobu Higashimura ◽  
Yasuhisa Kishimoto ◽  
Sadahito Aoshima
Keyword(s):  
Cationic Polymerization ◽  
Vinyl Monomers ◽  
Living Cationic Polymerization

Graft Polymers Derived from Natural Rubber

1956 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Bloomfield ◽  
F. M. Merrett ◽  
F. J. Popham ◽  
P. Mc L. Swift
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Transfer Reaction ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Vinyl Monomers ◽  
Grafted Polymer ◽  
Polymeric Chains ◽  
Graft Polymers ◽  
Direct Growth

Abstract Graft polymers result when vinyl monomers are polymerized in the presence of natural rubber, either in solution or as latex, and some of the polymeric chains become attached to the rubber molecules. The properties of the natural rubber can be widely modified according to the nature and the amount of the grafted polymer. The polymer-modified natural rubber appears to be produced by direct growth of polymer chains on to rubber molecules rather than by a transfer reaction involving the rubber. Graft polymers of styrene and methyl methacrylate with natural rubber can be compounded and cured to give light-colored articles of good tensile strength, and rubber-methyl methacrylate graft polymers have outstanding flex-cracking and fatigue resistance.

scholarly journals Efficient encapsulation of proteins with random copolymers

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (26) ◽  
pp. 6578-6583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trung Dac Nguyen ◽  
Baofu Qiao ◽  
Monica Olvera de la Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Adsorbed Layer ◽  
Computational Design ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Disordered Proteins ◽  
Random Copolymers ◽  
Adsorption Sites

Membraneless organelles are aggregates of disordered proteins that form spontaneously to promote specific cellular functions in vivo. The possibility of synthesizing membraneless organelles out of cells will therefore enable fabrication of protein-based materials with functions inherent to biological matter. Since random copolymers contain various compositions and sequences of solvophobic and solvophilic groups, they are expected to function in nonbiological media similarly to a set of disordered proteins in membraneless organelles. Interestingly, the internal environment of these organelles has been noted to behave more like an organic solvent than like water. Therefore, an adsorbed layer of random copolymers that mimics the function of disordered proteins could, in principle, protect and enhance the proteins’ enzymatic activity even in organic solvents, which are ideal when the products and/or the reactants have limited solubility in aqueous media. Here, we demonstrate via multiscale simulations that random copolymers efficiently incorporate proteins into different solvents with the potential to optimize their enzymatic activity. We investigate the key factors that govern the ability of random copolymers to encapsulate proteins, including the adsorption energy, copolymer average composition, and solvent selectivity. The adsorbed polymer chains have remarkably similar sequences, indicating that the proteins are able to select certain sequences that best reduce their exposure to the solvent. We also find that the protein surface coverage decreases when the fluctuation in the average distance between the protein adsorption sites increases. The results herein set the stage for computational design of random copolymers for stabilizing and delivering proteins across multiple media.

Cationic polymerization of vinyl monomers using halogen bonding organocatalysts with varied activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (42) ◽  
pp. 6739-6744
Author(s):  
Koji Takagi ◽  
Hiroto Murakata ◽  
Koji Yamauchi ◽  
Kohei Hashimoto
Keyword(s):  
Cationic Polymerization ◽  
Halogen Bonding ◽  
Vinyl Monomers

Cationic polymerization of vinyl monomers was investigated using non-ionic and ionic halogen bonding organocatalysts.

Characteristics and Mechanism of Styrene Cationic Polymerization in Aqueous Media Initiated by Cumyl Alcohol/B(C6F5)3

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (4) ◽  
pp. 1800419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinghan Zhang ◽  
Yibo Wu ◽  
Xiaoning Li ◽  
Dan Yang ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cationic Polymerization ◽  
Aqueous Media

scholarly journals N-Heterocyclic Carbene-PEI Platinum Complexes Inducing Human Cancer Cell Death: Polymer Carrier Impact

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
May Wantz ◽  
Mathilde Bouche ◽  
Georges Dahm ◽  
Neila Chekkat ◽  
Sylvie Fournel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Platinum Complexes ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Polymer Carrier ◽  
Human Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Cell Death

The high interest in N-heterocyclic platinum carbene complexes in cancer research stems from their high cytotoxicity to human cancer cells, their stability, as well as their ease of functionalization. However, the development of these new molecules as anticancer agents still faces multiple challenges, in particular solubility in aqueous media. Here, we synthesized platinum-NHC bioconjugates that combine water-solubility and cytotoxicity by using polyethyleneimine as polymer carrier. We showed that the activity of these conjugates is modulated by the size of the polymer and the overall density of metal ions onto polymer chains. They displayed an effective activity after only 45 minutes of exposure in vitro correlated with a quick uptake by the cells as shown by the use of various fluorescent-tagged derivatives.

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