scholarly journals Highly Flexible Single-Unit Resolution All Printed Neural Interface on a Bioresorbable Backbone

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 7040-7051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reem M. Almasri ◽  
Walid AlChamaa ◽  
Ali Reza Tehrani-Bagha ◽  
Massoud L. Khraiche
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
Neural Interface ◽  
Unit Resolution

scholarly journals Multichannel Silicon Probes for Awake Hippocampal Recordings in Large Animals

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra V. Ulyanova ◽  
Carlo Cottone ◽  
Christopher D. Adam ◽  
Kimberly G. Gagnon ◽  
D. Kacy Cullen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Neural Interface ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Deep Brain ◽  
Silicon Probes

AbstractDecoding laminar information across deep brain structures and cortical regions is necessary in order to understand the spatiotemporal ensembles that represent cognition and memory. Large animal models are essential for translational research due to their gyrencephalic neuroanatomy and significant white matter composition. One of the major obstacles to applying the approaches currently utilized in lower order animals are technical limitations in silicon probes, specifically a lack of long-length probes with appropriate stiffness to penetrate to deeper structures with minimal damage to the neural interface. We tested various solutions and designs of multichannel silicon probes developed for large animal electrophysiology by recording neurophysiological signals from deep laminar structures in an acute preparation and in chronically implanted awake behaving Yucatan pigs. Electrophysiological parameters of single units and local field potentials were analyzed to evaluate performance over time of given silicon probes in chronic implantations. The cross-sectional area of silicon probes was found to be a crucial determinant of silicon probes’ single unit performance over time, potentially due to reduction of damage to the neural interface. EDGE-style probes had the highest yields during intra-hippocampal recordings in pigs, making them the most suitable for chronic implantations and awake behavioral experimentation. Novel CAMB 64-channel EDGE-style probes with linear and poly-2 site arrangement tested acutely had optimal single unit separation and a denser sampling of the laminar structure, identifying them as potential candidates for chronic implantations with less cortical damage above the active portion of the probe. This study provides an analysis of multichannel silicon probes designed for large animal laminar electrophysiology of deep brain structures, and suggests that current designs are reaching the physical thresholds necessary for long-term (~ 1 month) recordings from laminar deep structures with single-unit resolution.

The Path of Standard Albanian Language Formation

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
Sindorela Doli Kryeziu
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Language History ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
Cultural Body ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Language Literature

Abstract In our paper we will talk about the whole process of standardization of the Albanian language, where it has gone through a long historical route, for almost a century.When talking about standard Albanian language history and according to Albanian language literature, it is often thought that the Albanian language was standardized in the Albanian Language Orthography Congress, held in Tirana in 1972, or after the publication of the Orthographic Rules (which was a project at that time) of 1967 and the decisions of the Linguistic Conference, a conference of great importance that took place in Pristina, in 1968. All of these have influenced chronologically during a very difficult historical journey, until the standardization of the Albanian language.Considering a slightly wider and more complex view than what is often presented in Albanian language literature, we will try to describe the path (history) of the standard Albanian formation under the influence of many historical, political, social and cultural factors that are known in the history of the Albanian people. These factors have contributed to the formation of a common state, which would have, over time, a common standard language.It is fair to think that "all activity in the development of writing and the Albanian language, in the field of standardization and linguistic planning, should be seen as a single unit of Albanian culture, of course with frequent manifestations of specific polycentric organization, either because of divisions within the cultural body itself, or because of the external imposition"(Rexhep Ismajli," In Language and for Language ", Dukagjini, Peja, 1998, pp. 15-18.)

IMAJINASI KE IMAJINASI VISUAL FOTOGRAFI

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Edial Rusli
Keyword(s):  
Creative Process ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Multiple Images ◽  
Artistic Process ◽  
Visual Imagination ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
The Media

AbstrakImaji visual fotografi merupakan media rekam visual yang objektif dan representatifkebenarannya dalam merekam suatu realitas. Revolusi teknologi menyebabkan perubahandari teknologi fotografi analog sebagai salah satu media yang menyatakan kebenaran ataubukti dan sebagai media yang representatif kebenarannya ke teknologi digital yang dapatmemungkinkan untuk merekayasa gambar digital melalui perangkat lunak. Teknologi digitaltelah menjadikan kebenaran dalam sebuah foto tidak lagi absolut. Akhirnya fotografi sebagaialat perekam imaji yang representatif kebenarannya semakin diragukan. Karena semakin sulituntuk membedakan foto asli atau palsu, bahkan sebuah foto asli bisa saja dikatakan sebagaihasil manipulasi. Penciptaan imajinasi visual fotografi ini dihasilkan dari suatu olah daya pikirmanusia. Dalam proses tersebut dibutuhkan suatu kreativitas dari penggabungan imaji-imajisebelumnya atau sekarang ini untuk diimajinasikan. Pemaknaan akan bergeser dari imaji visualfotografi menjadi imaji visual fotografi yang baru. Proses artistik imajinasi visual ini diciptakandengan didasarkan pada artistik yang berdasarkan imajinasi, artistik berdasarkan imajinasi danartistik didasarkan pada kombinasi antara kenyataan dan imajinasi. Penciptaan Imajinasi visualfotografi merupakan daya untuk mengonstruksi ataau menggabungkan kembali dari berbagaiimaji-imaji atau foto- secara imajinatif dan kreatif dengan persepsi yang menyertainya untukmenjadi imaji baru yang utuh, logis, dan mungkin terjadi dengan menggunakan teknik danefek fotografi. Proses mengonstruksi membutuhkan suatu kemampuan berimajinasi untukmenggabungkan dan menyatukannya untuk menjadi satu kesatuan (unity) yang utuh dalam satupermukaan gambar/imaji secara ekspresif dan imajinatif melalui proses estetis yang kreatifberdasarkan ciri personal penciptanya. Dengan demikian, hasil dari proses konstruksi tersebutsudah tidak tampak lagi imaji sebelumnya dan pemaknaannya sudah bergeser menjadi karyaimaji dengan pemaknaan baru.AbstractImage to Photography Visual Imagination. Visual image of photography is a visual recordingmedia which is objective and representative in revealing the truth when recording a reality. Thetechnology revolution led to the change in photography, from analog photographic technologyas one of the media for promoting truth or evidence and as media representing truth to thedigital technology which allow people to manipulate digital images through software. Digitaltechnology has made the truth in a photograph is no longer absolute. In the end, photographyas an images recording tool representing truth is doubted. It is getting harder and moredifficult to distinguish the original or fake photo, even an original photo can be said as aresult of manipulation.The creation of visual imagination photography is produced by thepower of human thought. The process requires a creativity of merging the previous or recentimages to imagine. The meanings will be shifted from visual image photography into a newvisual image photography. Visual imagination of the artistic process is created on the basisof artistic imagination, artistic imagination and artistic are based on a combination of realityand imagination.The creation of visual photography imagination is a power to construct orrecombine from multiple images or pictures imaginatively and creatively with the perceptionto be a whole new image, logical, and may occur with the use of techniques and photographiceffects. The process of constructing requires an ability of imagining to combine and unitethem into a single unit as a unity which is intact on s single surface of the picture/image,expressively and imaginatively through an aesthetic creative process based on the personalcharacteristics of the creator. By doing so, the construction process will no longer visible onthe former image and the meaning will shift into an image with a new meaning.

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