Stepwise Internal Energy Change of Protonated Methanol Clusters By Using the Inert Gas Tagging

2016 ◽  
Vol 120 (46) ◽  
pp. 9203-9208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuto Shimamori ◽  
Jer-Lai Kuo ◽  
Asuka Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Internal Energy ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Energy Change

SEARCH FOR THE TRANSITION POINT AND DEDUCTION OF THE ORDER OF PHASE TRANSITIONS—APPLICATION OF THE MICROCANONICAL SIMULATION METHOD WITH FRICTION TERMS

1990 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 515-530
Author(s):  
YOSHITOMI MORIKAWA
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Internal Energy ◽  
Transition Point ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Energy Change ◽  
Gauge Model ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Phase

We apply the microcanonical simulation method with friction terms to deduce the order of phase transitions by examining the existence of the S-shaped curve in the internal energy-temperature diagram. We study the dependence of the S-shape on a parameter of energy change by using a gauge model, and determine the location of the transition point. We further consider the possibility of finding out weak first-order phase transitions. We also explain several features in the method and remark a condition on the parameter for a reasonable simulation.

Chemical Thermodynamics

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher O. Oriakhi
Keyword(s):  
Internal Energy ◽  
Thermodynamic Quantity ◽  
Energy Change ◽  
Chemical Thermodynamics ◽  
State Function ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Final State ◽  
Spontaneous Process ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Universe

Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the energy changes and transfers associated with chemical and physical transformations. Energy is the ability to do work or to transfer heat. A spontaneous process is one that can occur on its own without any external influence. A spontaneous process always moves a system in the direction of equilibrium. When a process or reaction cannot occur under the prescribed conditions, it is nonspontaneous. The reverse of a spontaneous process or reaction is always nonspontaneous. Heat (q) is the energy transferred between a system and its surroundings due to a temperature difference. Work (w) is the energy change when a force (F) moves an object through a distance (d). Thus. . . W = F ×d. . . . A system is a specified part of the universe (e.g., a sample or a reaction mixture we are studying). Everything outside the system is referred to as the surroundings. The universe is the system plus the surroundings. A state function is a thermodynamic quantity that defines the present state or condition of the system. Changes in state function quantities are independent of the path (or process) used to arrive at the final state from the initial state. Examples of state functions include enthalpy change (ΔH), entropy change, (ΔS) and free energy change, (ΔG). The internal energy of a system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the particles making up the system. While it is not possible to determine the absolute internal energy of a system, we can easily measure changes in internal energy (which correspond to energy given off or absorbed by the system). The change in internal energy, . . . ΔE, is: ΔE = Efinal –Einitial. . . . The first law of thermodynamics, also called the law of conservation of energy, states that the total amount of energy in the universe is constant, that is, energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be converted from one form into another. In mathematical terms, the law states that the change in internal energy of a system, ΔE, equals q+w. That is,. . . ΔE = q+w. . . In other words, the change in E is equal to the heat absorbed (or emitted) by the system, plus work done on (or by) the system.

scholarly journals Internal energy change and activation energy effects on Casson fluid

AIP Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 025009 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Salahuddin ◽  
Nazim Siddique ◽  
Maryam Arshad ◽  
I. Tlili
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Internal Energy ◽  
Casson Fluid ◽  
Energy Change

scholarly journals Thermophyical properties and internal energy change in Casson fluid flow along with activation energy

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1355-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Salahuddin ◽  
Maryam Arshad ◽  
Nazim Siddique ◽  
A.S. Alqahtani ◽  
M.Y. Malik
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Internal Energy ◽  
Casson Fluid ◽  
Energy Change

Fission Gas Bubbles in Fractured UO2

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
O. M. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thermal Gradient ◽  
Gas Bubbles ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Thermal Gradients ◽  
Fission Gas ◽  
Beam Heating ◽  
Limited Application ◽  
Bubble Characteristics ◽  
Electron Beam Heating

The swelling of irradiated UO2 has been attributed to the migration and agglomeration of fission gas bubbles in a thermal gradient. High temperatures and thermal gradients obtained by electron beam heating simulate reactor behavior and lead to the postulation of swelling mechanisms. Although electron microscopy studies have been reported on UO2, two experimental procedures have limited application of the results: irradiation was achieved either with a stream of inert gas ions without fission or at depletions less than 2 x 1020 fissions/cm3 (∼3/4 at % burnup). This study was not limited either of these conditions and reports on the bubble characteristics observed by transmission and fractographic electron microscopy in high density (96% theoretical) UO2 irradiated between 3.5 and 31.3 x 1020 fissions/cm3 at temperatures below l600°F. Preliminary results from replicas of the as-polished and etched surfaces of these samples were published.

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