Variation in Methane Emission Rates from Well Pads in Four Oil and Gas Basins with Contrasting Production Volumes and Compositions

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (15) ◽  
pp. 8832-8840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Robertson ◽  
Rachel Edie ◽  
Dustin Snare ◽  
Jeffrey Soltis ◽  
Robert A. Field ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Emission ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Emission Rates

Development of Methods for Top-Down Methane Emission Measurements of Oil and Gas Facilities in an Offshore Environment Using a Miniature Methane Spectrometer and Long-Endurance UAS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan Smith ◽  
Stuart Buckingham ◽  
Daniel Touzel ◽  
Abigail Corbett ◽  
Charles Tavner
Keyword(s):  
Methane Emission ◽  
Methane Concentration ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Closed Cavity ◽  
Gaussian Plume ◽  
Facility Level ◽  
Long Endurance

Abstract With atmospheric methane concentrations rising, spurring increased social concern, there is a renewed focus in the oil and gas industry on methane emission monitoring and control. In 2019, a methane emission survey at a bp asset west of Shetland was conducted using a closed-cavity methane spectrometer mounted onboard a long-endurance fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). This flight represents the first methane emissions survey of an offshore facility with a miniature methane spectrometer onboard a UAV with subsequent flights performed. The campaign entailed gathering high-density methane concentration data in a cylindrical flight pattern that circumnavigated the facility in close proximity. A small laser spectrometer was modified from an open-cavity system to a closed-cavity onboard the aircraft and yielded in-flight detection limits (3s) of 1065ppb methane above background for the 2019/2020 sensor version and 150ppb for the 2021 sensor versions. Through simulation, the sensors minimum detection limits in mass flow rate were determined to be 50 kg/h for the 2019/2020 campaign and 2.5kg/h for the 2021 campaigns; translating to an obtainable measurement for 23% and 82% of assets reporting higher than 1 kg/h according to the 2019 EEMS dataset, respectively. To operationalize the approach, a simulation tool for flight planning was developed utilizing a gaussian plume model and a scaled coefficient of variation to invoke expected methane concentration fluctuations at short time intervals. The simulation is additionally used for creation of synthetic datasets to test and validate algorithm development. Two methods were developed to calculate offshore facility level emission rates from the geolocated methane concentration data acquired during the emission surveys. Furthermore, a gaussian plume simulator was developed to predict plume behavior and aid in error analysis. These methods are under evaluation, but all allow for the rapid processing (<24h) of results upon landing the aircraft. Additional flights were conducted in 2020 and 2021 with bp and several UK North Sea Operators through Net Zero Technology Centre (NZTC) funded project, resulting in a total of 18 methane emission survey flights to 11 offshore assets between 2019 and 2021. The 2019 flight, and subsequent 2020/21 flights, demonstrated the potential of the technology to derive facility level emission rates to verify industry emission performance and data.

scholarly journals Ruminal methane emission by dairy cattle in Southeast Brazil

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 742-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcio dos Santos Pedreira ◽  
Odo Primavesi ◽  
Magda Aparecida Lima ◽  
Rosa Frighetto ◽  
Simone Gisele de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Emission ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Tracer Gas ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Southeast Brazil ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Four Blocks

Ruminal gases, particularly methane, generated during the fermentative process in rumen, represent a partial loss of feed energy and are also pointed to as an important factors in greenhouse effect. This study aimed at quantifying methane (CH4) emission rates from lactating and dry cows and heifers, 24 month-old in average, on pasture under Southeast Brazil tropical conditions, using the tracer gas technique, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), four animals per category, distributed in four blocks. Measurements were performed in February and June, 2002, with Holstein and Brazilian Dairy Crossbred (Holstein ¾ x Gir (Zebu) ¼), maintained on fertilized Tanzania-grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania) and fertilized Brachiaria-grass (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk) pastures. Heifers of both breeds were maintained on unfertilized Brachiaria-grass to simulate conditions of extensive cattle farming systems. CH4 and SF6 levels were measured with gas chromatography. Differences in CH4 emissions were measured (p < 0.05) for genetical groups. Holstein produced more methane (299.3 g day-1) than the Crossbred (264.2 g day-1). Lactating cows produced more methane (353.8 g day-1) than dry cows (268.8 g day-1) and heifers (222.6 g day-1). Holstein, with greater milk production potential, produced less CH4 (p < 0.05) per unit of dry matter intake (19.1 g kg-1) than the Crossbred (22.0 g kg-1). Methane emission by heifers grazing fertilized pasture (intensive system) was 222.6 g day-1, greater (p < 0.05) than that of heifers on unfertilized pasture (179.2 g day-1). Methane emission varied as function of animal category and management intensity of production system.

Comparison of Atmospheric Stability Methods for Calculating Ammonia and Methane Emission Rates with WindTrax

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 763-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita C Koehn ◽  
April B. Leytem ◽  
David L. Bjorneberg
Keyword(s):  
Methane Emission ◽  
Atmospheric Stability ◽  
Emission Rates

scholarly journals Facility level measurement of off-shore oil & gas installations from a small airborne platform: Method development for quantification and source identification of methane emissions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James France ◽  
Prudence Bateson ◽  
Pamela Dominutti ◽  
Grant Allen ◽  
Stephen Andrews ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Carbon Isotopic ◽  
Offshore Oil And Gas ◽  
Offshore Oil

Abstract. Emissions of methane (CH4) from offshore oil and gas installations are poorly ground-truthed and quantification relies heavily on the use of emission factors and activity data. As part of the United Nations Climate and Clean Air Coalition (UN CCAC) objective to study and reduce short-lived climate pollutants (SLCP) a Twin Otter aircraft was used to survey CH4 emissions from UK and Dutch offshore oil and gas installations. The aims of the surveys were to i) identify installations that are significant CH4 emitters, ii) separate installation emissions from other emissions using carbon-isotopic fingerprinting and other chemical proxies, iii) estimate CH4 emission rates, and iv) improve flux estimation (and sampling) methodologies for rapid quantification of major gas leaks. In this paper, we detail the instrument and aircraft set up for two campaigns flown in the springs of 2018 and 2019 over the southern North Sea and describe the developments made in both planning and sampling methodology in order to maximise the quality and value of the data collected. We present example data collected from both campaigns to demonstrate the challenges encountered during offshore surveys, focussing on the complex meteorology of the marine boundary layer, and sampling discrete plumes from an airborne platform. The uncertainties of CH4 flux calculations from measurements under varying boundary layer conditions are considered, as well as recommendations for attribution of sources through either spot sampling for VOCs / δ13CCH4 or using in-situ instrumental data to determine C2H6-CH4 ratios. A series of recommendations for both planning and measurement techniques for future offshore work within the marine boundary layers are provided.

scholarly journals Statistical Study of Carbon Intensities in the GOM and PB

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ama Motiwala ◽  
Dr. Huzeifa Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Energy Information Administration ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
The U.S

In addressing carbon emissions as the primary contributor to climate change, a study was conducted to examine the total carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emitted into the atmosphere from the production of crude oil and gas in the two largest producing regions of the U.S: the Permian Basin (PB) and the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The objective of this report is not to compare the carbon intensities between PB and GOM, but rather to understand the causes of deviations observed between the two Basins, particularly in the years 2016 to 2018. This report details the initiative, including the research of emissions and production data from three federal agencies: the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), and the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM). High-level analysis was conducted on six greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, sulfur hexafluoride, perfluorocarbons, and hydrofluorocarbons. Some major findings of this study include the establishment of a clear trend in which GHG emission rates increase as production increases. The mean carbon intensity, derived from the log normal distribution, for PB production and GOM production was determined to be 14.83 ± 3.374 kg CO2e/BOE and 7.86 ± 2.32 kg CO2e/BOE, respectively, for the year 2018 with 95% confidence interval. While three years of data is not sufficient to conclude a trend, both GOM and PB experienced lower carbon intensity rates in 2017 compared to 2016 and a higher carbon intensity rate in year 2018 compared to 2017. The primary causes for the PB’s higher carbon intensity are flaring practices, transportation, hydraulic fracturing and weather-related impacts, which will be further discussed in this report.

scholarly journals Influence of elevated carbon dioxide concentrations on methane emission and its associated soil microflora in rice ecosystem

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (SI) ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
S. K. Rajkishore ◽  
M. Maheswari ◽  
K. S. Subramanian ◽  
R. Prabhu ◽  
G. Vanitha
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Methane Emission ◽  
Methane Flux ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Rice Ecosystem

The dynamics of methane emission and its associated soil microflora in rice ecosystem as a response to elevated CO2 concentrations were studied in open top chamber (OTC) conditions. The treatments consisted of three levels of CO2 (396, 550 and 750 µmol mol-1) and three levels of nitrogen (0, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) and replicated five times in a completely randomized design. The data showed that elevated [CO2] significantly (P ? 0.01) increased the DOC throughout the cropping period with the values ranging from 533 to 722 mg L-1 and 368 to 501 mg L-1 in C750 and Camb, respectively. Methane emission rates were monitored regularly during the experiment period and it was revealed that elevated [CO2] had increased the methane emissions regardless of stages of crop growth.  It was observed that methane emissions were significantly higher under [CO2] of 750 µmol mol-1 by 33 to 54 per cent over the ambient [CO2] of 396 µmol mol-1. Consistent with the observed increases in methane flux, the enumeration of methanogens showed a significant (P ? 0.01) increase under elevated [CO2] with the population ranging from 5.7 to 20.1 x 104 CFU g-1 of dry soil and 5.1 to 16.9 x 104 CFU g-1 of dry soil under C750 and Camb concentrations, respectively. Interestingly, even though higher methanotrophs population was recorded under elevated [CO2], it could not circumvent the methane emission. Overall, the results of OTC studies suggest that methane mitigation strategies need to be explored for the future high CO2 environments. 

scholarly journals Fire prediction for a non-sanitary landfill “Bubanj” in Serbia

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1295-1305
Author(s):  
Emina Mihajlovic ◽  
Lidija Milosevic ◽  
Jasmina Radosavljevic ◽  
Amelija Djordjevic ◽  
Ivan Krstic
Keyword(s):  
Methane Emission ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
The State ◽  
Sanitary Landfill ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Active Section ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
The City

This paper reviews the state of the ?Bubanj? landfill near the City of Nis, Serbia, which has been used for 47 years and which is categorized as a non-sanitary landfill. We utilised the LandGEM 3.02 model, used for estimating landfill gas emission rates, to calculate the amount of landfill gases. Additionally, we measured the amount and composition of landfill gas in section S4 of the landfill from July 2014 to June 2015. We utilised the ALOHA software to estimate the fire-vulnerable zone. The results of our analysis show that the measured average methane emission is higher than the calculated emission. The difference between the measured average emission and calculated emission of methane is logical, as the measurements were performed in an active section, where methane emission higher than in inactive sections is to be expected. Based on the measured methane emissions during one year, we conclude that the methane emission drops as the ambient temperature drops. This paper showcases the state of the ?Bubanj? landfill, which is highly unsatisfactory in terms of environmental and fire protection because of landfill gas generation.

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