Comparison of Gasoline Direct-Injection (GDI) and Port Fuel Injection (PFI) Vehicle Emissions: Emission Certification Standards, Cold-Start, Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Potential, and Potential Climate Impacts

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 6542-6552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges Saliba ◽  
Rawad Saleh ◽  
Yunliang Zhao ◽  
Albert A. Presto ◽  
Andrew T. Lambe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Emissions ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Port Fuel Injection ◽  
Certification Standards

scholarly journals Gas-phase composition and secondary organic aerosol formation from standard and particle filter-retrofitted gasoline direct injection vehicles investigated in a batch and flow reactor

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 9929-9954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone M. Pieber ◽  
Nivedita K. Kumar ◽  
Felix Klein ◽  
Pierre Comte ◽  
Deepika Bhattu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Aerosol Mass

Abstract. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles have recently been identified as a significant source of carbonaceous aerosol, of both primary and secondary origin. Here we investigated primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from four GDI vehicles, two of which were also retrofitted with a prototype gasoline particulate filter (GPF). We studied two driving test cycles under cold- and hot-engine conditions. Emissions were characterized by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (gaseous non-methane organic compounds, NMOCs), aerosol mass spectrometry (sub-micron non-refractory particles) and light attenuation measurements (equivalent black carbon (eBC) determination using Aethalometers) together with supporting instrumentation. Atmospheric processing was simulated using the PSI mobile smog chamber (SC) and the potential aerosol mass oxidation flow reactor (OFR). Overall, primary and secondary particulate matter (PM) and NMOC emissions were dominated by the engine cold start, i.e., before thermal activation of the catalytic after-treatment system. Trends in the SOA oxygen to carbon ratio (O : C) for OFR and SC were related to different OH exposures, but divergences in the H : C remained unexplained. SOA yields agreed within experimental variability between the two systems, with a tendency for higher values in the OFR than in the SC (or, vice versa, lower values in the SC). A few aromatic compounds dominated the NMOC emissions, primarily benzene, toluene, xylene isomers/ethylbenzene and C3-benzene. A significant fraction of the SOA was explained by those compounds, based on comparison of effective SOA yield curves with those of toluene, o-xylene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene determined in our OFR, as well as others from literature. Remaining discrepancies, which were smaller in the SC and larger in the OFR, were up to a factor of 2 and may have resulted from diverse reasons including unaccounted precursors and matrix effects. GPF retrofitting significantly reduced primary PM through removal of refractory eBC and partially removed the minor POA fraction. At cold-started conditions it did not affect hydrocarbon emission factors, relative chemical composition of NMOCs or SOA formation, and likewise SOA yields and bulk composition remained unaffected. GPF-induced effects at hot-engine conditions deserve attention in further studies.

Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from On-road Gasoline Vehicles in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Wang ◽  
Rongzhi Tang ◽  
Ruizhe Shen ◽  
Ying Yu ◽  
Kefan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Constant Velocity ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Formation Potential ◽  
Ethanol Content

<p>Organic aerosol (OA) constitutes a significant fraction of the atmospheric fine particulate matter that influences both air quality and climate. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which is formed through photo-oxidation of organic vapors in the atmosphere, is a major component of OA. There are some studies indicating the major role of vehicles emissions in SOA formation in urban cities of China. However, SOA formation is complex and uncertain.</p><p>Historically, the China fleet has been dominated by vehicles equipped with port-fuel injected (PFI), but the market share of vehicles equipped with gasoline direct injection engines (GDI) has increased dramatically. And 10% of renewable energy ethanol (E10) may be added to the gasoline of China market in the future. Go-PAM is one kind of potential aerosol mass for simulating SOA formation, which is designed and made by the University of Gothenburg.</p><p>In this study, we focus on the influence of ethanol content (0% or 10%), engine types (GDI or PFI) and different engine loads (idling or constant velocity) to the SOA formation potential from gasoline motor cars emissions. We exposed the diluted emissions to a range of oxidation (O<sub>3 </sub>and OH) concentrations in the Go-PAM, resulting different OH exposures. We observed variations of different cases in SOA formation.</p><p>Firstly, compared to PFI engine, GDI engine at idling loading has larger SOA mass concentrations. The peak SOA production of PFI engine at idling load occurred at equivalent photochemical age (EPA) of 3.8 days, which peak point occurred at larger EPA (4.8 days) for GDI engines. Secondly, there is no large difference between E10 and gasoline. Thirdly, OA enhancement is more obvious at idling (about 30-180 times) than at constant velocity (about 3-4 times) whatever engine is used. Generally, densities of particles at size of 70nm,140nm and 200nm keep growing from about 1.25 up to 1.45 g/cm<sup>3</sup>.</p><p>The results of this study highlight the utility of Go-PAM for studying SOA formation potential from vehicle exhaust, and provide indications of the influence of ethanol content and different engines to SOA formation in China.</p>

scholarly journals Gasoline direct injection vehicles exceed port fuel injection ones in both primary aerosol emission and secondary aerosol formation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuofei Du ◽  
Min Hu ◽  
Jianfei Peng ◽  
Wenbin Zhang ◽  
Jing Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Port Fuel Injection ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Gasoline Vehicles ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Gasoline vehicles greatly contribute importantly to urban particulate matter (PM) pollution. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, known as their higher fuel efficiency than that of port fuel injection (PFI) engines, have been increasingly employed in new gasoline vehicles. However, the impact of this trend on air quality is still poorly understood. Here, we investigated both primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from GDI and PFI vehicles under urban-like condition, using combined approaches involving chassis dynamometer measurement and environmental chamber simulation. The PFI vehicle emits slightly more volatile organic compounds, e.g., benzene and toluene, whereas the GDI vehicle emits more particulate components, e.g., the total PM, elemental carbon, primary organic aerosols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Strikingly, a much higher SOA production (by a factor of approximately 2.7) is found from the exhaust of the GDI vehicle than that of the PFI vehicle under the same conditions. More importantly, the higher SOA production found in the GDI vehicle exhaust occurs concurrently with lower concentrations of traditional SOA precursors, e.g., benzene and toluene, indicating a greater contribution of intermediate volatility organic compounds and semivolatile organic compounds in the GDI vehicle exhaust to the SOA formation. Our results highlight the considerable potential contribution of GDI vehicles to urban air pollution in the future.

scholarly journals Gas phase composition and secondary organic aerosol formation from gasoline direct injection vehicles investigated in batch and flow reactors: effects of prototype gasoline particle filters

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone M. Pieber ◽  
Nivedita K. Kumar ◽  
Felix Klein ◽  
Pierre Comte ◽  
Deepika Bhattu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Particle Filters ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Primary Emissions ◽  
Engine Start

Abstract. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles have recently been identified as a significant source of carbonaceous aerosol, of both primary and secondary origin. Here we investigated primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from GDI vehicle exhaust for multiple vehicles and driving test cycles, and novel GDI after-treatment systems. Emissions were characterized by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (gaseous non-methane organic compounds, NMOCs), aerosol mass spectrometry (sub-micron non-refractory particles), and light attenuation measurements (equivalent black carbon (eBC) determination using Aethalometer measurements) together with supporting instrumentation. We evaluated the effect of retrofitted prototype gasoline particle filters (GPFs) on primary eBC, organic aerosol (OA), NMOCs, as well as SOA formation. Two regulatory driving test cycles were investigated, and the importance of distinct phases within these cycles (e.g. cold engine start, hot engine start, high speed driving) to primary emissions and secondary products was evaluated. Atmospheric processing was simulated using both the PSI mobile smog chamber (SC) and the potential aerosol mass oxidation flow reactor (OFR). GPF retrofitting was found to greatly decrease primary particulate matter (PM) through removal of eBC, but showed limited partial removal of the minor POA fraction, and had no detectable effect on either NMOC emissions (absolute emission factors or relative composition) or SOA production. In all tests, overall primary and secondary PM and NMOC emissions were dominated by the engine cold start, i.e. before thermal activation of the catalytic after-treatment system. Differences were found in the bulk compositional properties of SOA produced by the OFR and the SC (O : C and H : C ratios), while the SOA yields agree within our uncertainties, with a tendency for lower SOA yields in SC experiments. A few aromatic compounds are found to dominate the NMOC emissions (primarily benzene, toluene, xylene isomers and C3-benzenes). A large fraction (> 0.5) of the SOA production was explained by those compounds, based on investigation of reacted NMOC mass and comparison with SOA yield curves of toluene, o-xylene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene determined in our OFR within this study. Remaining differences in the obtained SOA yields may result from diverse reasons including aging conditions, unaccounted-for precursors and differences in SOA yields of aromatic hydrocarbons with different degrees of substitution, as well as experimental uncertainties in the assessment of particle and vapor wall losses.

Comparison between gasoline direct injection and compressed natural gas port fuel injection under maximum load condition

Energy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 117173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeongwoo Lee ◽  
Cheolwoong Park ◽  
Jongwon Bae ◽  
Yongrae Kim ◽  
Sunyoup Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Port Fuel Injection

scholarly journals Catalyzed Gasoline Particulate Filters Reduce Secondary Organic Aerosol Production from Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 3037-3047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Roth ◽  
Jiacheng Yang ◽  
Emmanuel Fofie ◽  
David R. Cocker ◽  
Thomas D. Durbin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Particulate Filters
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