scholarly journals Concentrations, Trends, and Air–Water Exchange of PAHs and PBDEs Derived from Passive Samplers in Lake Superior in 2011

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (23) ◽  
pp. 13777-13786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe Ruge ◽  
Derek Muir ◽  
Paul Helm ◽  
Rainer Lohmann
Keyword(s):  
Water Exchange ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Passive Samplers

scholarly journals Micrometeorological measurement of hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyl compound air-water gas exchange in Lake Superior and comparison to model predictions

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 4607-4617 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Rowe ◽  
J. A. Perlinger
Keyword(s):  
Water Exchange ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Internal Boundary ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Transfer Velocity ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Flux Measurements

Abstract. Air-water exchange fluxes of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) substances are frequently estimated using the Whitman two-film (W2F) method, but micrometeorological flux measurements of these compounds over water are rarely attempted. We measured air-water exchange fluxes of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on 14 July 2006 in Lake Superior using the modified Bowen ratio (MBR) method. Measured fluxes were compared to estimates using the W2F method, and to estimates from an Internal Boundary Layer Transport and Exchange (IBLTE) model that implements the NOAA COARE bulk flux algorithm and gas transfer model. We reveal an inaccuracy in the estimate of water vapor transfer velocity that is commonly used with the W2F method for PBT flux estimation, and demonstrate the effect of use of an improved estimation method. Flux measurements were conducted at three stations with increasing fetch in offshore flow (15, 30, and 60 km) in southeastern Lake Superior. This sampling strategy enabled comparison of measured and predicted flux, as well as modification in near-surface atmospheric concentration with fetch, using the IBLTE model. Fluxes estimated using the W2F model were compared to fluxes measured by MBR. In five of seven cases in which the MBR flux was significantly greater than zero, concentration increased with fetch at 1-m height, which is qualitatively consistent with the measured volatilization flux. As far as we are aware, these are the first reported ship-based micrometeorological air-water exchange flux measurements of PCBs.

Evaluation of Novel Techniques for Measurement of Air−Water Exchange of Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxicants in Lake Superior

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (21) ◽  
pp. 8411-8419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Perlinger ◽  
David E. Tobias ◽  
Patrick S. Morrow ◽  
Paul V. Doskey
Keyword(s):  
Water Exchange ◽  
Lake Superior

scholarly journals Micrometeorological measurement of hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyl compound air-water gas exchange in Lake Superior and comparison to model predictions

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 983-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Rowe ◽  
J. A. Perlinger
Keyword(s):  
Water Exchange ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Internal Boundary ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Transfer Velocity ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Flux Measurements

Abstract. Air-water exchange fluxes of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) substances are frequently estimated using the Whitman two-film (W2F) method, but micrometeorological flux measurements of these compounds over water are rarely attempted. We measured air-water exchange fluxes of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on 14 July 2006 in Lake Superior using the modified Bowen ratio (MBR) method. Measured fluxes were compared to estimates using the W2F method, and to estimates from an Internal Boundary Layer Transport and Exchange (IBLTE) model that implements the NOAA COARE bulk flux algorithm and gas transfer model. We reveal an inaccuracy in the estimate of water vapor transfer velocity that is commonly used with the W2F method for PBT flux estimation, and demonstrate the effect of use of an improved estimation method. Flux measurements were conducted at three stations with increasing fetch in offshore flow (15, 30, and 60 km) in southeastern Lake Superior. This sampling strategy enabled comparison of measured and predicted flux, as well as modification in near-surface atmospheric concentration with fetch, using the IBLTE model. Fluxes estimated using the W2F model were compared to fluxes measured by MBR. In five of seven cases in which the MBR flux was significantly greater than zero, concentration increased with fetch at 1-m height, which is qualitatively consistent with the measured volatilization flux. As far as we are aware, these are the first reported micrometeorological air-water exchange flux measurements of PCBs.

Seasonal Variations in Air-Water Exchange of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Lake Superior

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1491-1501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keri C. Hornbuckle ◽  
Jeff D. Jeremiason ◽  
Clyde W. Sweet ◽  
Steven J. Eisenreich
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Lake Superior

scholarly journals Freely Dissolved Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) along the Indus River Pakistan: Spatial pattern, Air-water Exchange and Risk Assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sohail ◽  
Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani ◽  
Habib Bokhari ◽  
Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi ◽  
Nadeem Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Electronic Materials ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Passive Samplers ◽  
Indus River ◽  
Mountain Zone ◽  
River Flood

Abstract Freely dissolved OCPs and PCBs were measured by using polyethylene passive samplers, at 15 sites during 2014 throughout the stretch of Indus River to investigate spatial pattern, air−water exchange gradients and risk assessment. Concentrations (pg/L) of dissolved ∑OCPs and ∑PCBs ranged from 34–1600 and 3–230. Among the detected OCPs, dissolved DDTs (p,p′-DDE, followed by p,p′-DDT) predominated with levels of 0.48 to 220 pg/L. The order of occurrence for other studied OCPs was as follows; HCB, Endosulfans, Chlordanes, and HCHs. Spatially, dissolved (pg/L) ∑OCPs varied (p < 0.05) as: surface water of Alluvial Riverine Zone (ARZ) showed highest levels (114) followed by Frozen Mountain Zone (FMZ) (52.9), Low Lying Zone (LLZ) (28.73) and Wet Mountain Zone (WMZ) (14.43) respectively. However, our zone wise PCBs data did not exhibit significant differences (p > 0.05). The PCA/MLR results showed that pesticides usage in crop/orchard fields and health sector, electric & electronic materials, and widespread industrial activities as the main source of OCPs and PCBs along Indus River. Air-water exchange of OCPs at FMZ, o,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDE and o,p′-DDD exhibited net volatilization while p,p′-DDD/o,p′-DDT showed net deposition, while all other studied zones (i.e., WMZ, ARZ and LLZ) showed net deposition of DDTs. Nevertheless, air-water exchange of PCBs showed that, there was net volatilization at the FMZ, WMZ and ARZ and net deposition at LLZ. Our results showed that OCPs and PCBs contaminated water intake, played an important role towards the considerable cancer/non-cancer risk (HI and CR values) along the Indus River Flood-Plain.

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