On-Road NOx Emissions Evaluation of the Repair Effectiveness for Recalled Volkswagen Group Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Volkswagen Group

Light-Duty Diesels—an Update on the Emissions Challenge

1994 ◽  
Vol 208 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
R W Horrocks
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Community ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Clean Air Act ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Emission Standards ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Major Stage ◽  
Clean Air

The next major stage of emissions legislation for European Community countries is planned for 1996. This paper examines these proposed standards and the effect they will have on light-duty automotive diesel vehicles. The present status of the Clean Air Act amendments in the United States is also considered. The latest developments in light-duty automotive diesel technology are reviewed, particularly with respect to achieving the lower emission standards and the effect on fuel economy.

scholarly journals By the Numbers: Will Trucking Go Electric?

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (01) ◽  
pp. 28-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Winters
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Business Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Single Charge ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Diesel Trucks ◽  
Electric Powertrains ◽  
Fuel Costs

This article presents details of a report on new and future trends in trucking. According to the report, fleet owners may quickly adopt electronic vehicles (EV) for medium-haul routes. In November 2017, Tesla CEO Elon Musk unveiled the design for a battery-powered semi that could travel 500 miles on a single charge. According to Musk, the company would begin producing the trucks in 2019. The report highlighted the regional light-duty delivery market in Europe, where fuel costs are higher than in the United States. Designing vehicles and business models around the capabilities of electric powertrains—capabilities that differ from those of diesel trucks—are expected to enable battery-electric trucks to penetrate the market more quickly.

Fingerprints of a New Normal Urban Air Quality in S5P TROPOMI Tropospheric NO2 Observations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shobha Kondragunta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Air Quality ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
New Normal

<p>Most countries around the world took actions to control COVID-19 spread that included social distancing, limiting air and ground travel, closing schools, suspending sports leagues, closing factories etc., leading to  economic shutdown. The reduced traffic and human movement compared to Business as Usual (BAU) scenario was tracked by Apple and Android cellphone use; the data showed substantial reductions in mobility in most metropolitan areas.  We analyzed reductions in on-road mobile NOx emissions from light and heavy duty vehicles in four major metropolitan and one rural areas in the United States that showed a reduction in NOx mobile emissions from 9% to 19% between February and March at the onset of lockdown in the middle of March; between March and April, the mobile NOx emissions dropped further by 8% to 31% when lockdown measures were the most stringiest.  These precipitous drops in NOx emissions correlated well with tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> column amount observed by Sentinel 5 Precursor TROPospheric Ozone Monitoring Instrument (S5P TROPOMI).  Further, the changes in TROPOMI tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> across the continental U.S. between 2020 and 2019 correlated well with changes in on-road NOx emissions (r=0.78) but correlated weakly with changes in emissions from the power plants (r=0.44). These findings confirm that power plants are no longer the major source of NO<sub>2</sub> in the United States. We also examined correlation between increase in unemployment rate between 2020 and 2019 to decrease in tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> amount.  The negative correlation indicates that with increased unemployment rate combined with telework policies across the nation for non-essential workers, the NO<sub>2</sub> values decreased at the rate of 0.8 µmoles/m<sup>2</sup> decrease per unit percentage increase in unemployment rate.  There is a substantial amount of scatter in the data with some cities such as Atlanta, Dallas, and Houston showing no noticeable trend in tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> changes during the time period when unemployment rate increased from 6% to 12%.   We examined the trends in on-road and power plant emissions for five different locations (four urban areas and one rural area) and show that the changes in NOx emissions during the lockdown are detectable in TROPOMI tropNO2 data, the economic indicators are consistent with emissions changes, and the trends reversing with the removal of lockdown measures in the major metro areas have not come back to pre-pandemic levels.  The COVID-19 pandemic experience has provided the scientific community an opportunity to identify emissions reductions scenarios that created a new normal for urban air quality and if the environmental protection agencies should look at this new normal as a guidance for instituting new policies. </p>

Minimizing the Cost of Automotive Accidents by Optimizing the Design of Advanced Driver Assist Systems: An Empirical Study Based on a Full-Size Light-Duty Pickup Truck

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Fish ◽  
Bert Bras
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vehicle Body ◽  
Driver Assistance Systems ◽  
Full Size ◽  
Purchasing Cost ◽  
Pickup Truck ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Gross Vehicle Weight ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) have become increasingly common in vehicles in the last decade. The majority of studies has focused on smaller vehicles with gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) under 5,000lbs, predominantly sedans, for their ADAS evaluations. While it is sensible to use this style of vehicle because it is ubiquitous worldwide for a typical vehicle body style, these studies neglect full-size light-duty pickup trucks (FSLDPTs), GVWR 5,000 – 10,000lbs, which are abundant on the roads in the United States, 18% of vehicles. The increase in mass, higher center of gravity, and utilitarianism of the vehicles allows for unique conditions for studying the effects of ADAS. This work determines the best and worst location to be hit in a full-size light-duty pickup truck based on data for the industry sales leader in this class of vehicles. The objective is to use these results for future designs of ADAS technologies and their placement on the FSLDPT. While these methods could be applied to any vehicle, the FSLDPT sales leader will be investigated as it represents about 9% of registered vehicles in the United States. The results will be optimized with respect to cost in terms of initial up-front purchasing cost and post-accident vehicle repair cost.

Corrigendum to “Air quality impacts from the electrification of light-duty passenger vehicles in the United States” [Atmos. Environ. 208 (2019) 95–102]

2020 ◽  
Vol 229 ◽  
pp. 117487
Author(s):  
Jordan L. Schnell ◽  
Vaishali Naik ◽  
Larry W. Horowitz ◽  
Fabien Paulot ◽  
Paul Ginoux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Atmos Environ ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Light Duty

Passenger Car Equivalents of Light Duty Trucks and the Costs of Mixed Vehicle Traffic: Evidence from Michigan

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah B. Cosgrove
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
External Cost ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Detroit Area ◽  
Instrumented Vehicles

This study uses naturalistic data from drivers operating instrumented vehicles to estimate the following distance by vehicle type and compute the passenger car equivalents of light duty trucks (LDTs). Unlike most previous studies, this study separates LDTs by vehicle type and produces evidence that cars follow different types of LDTs at different distances. While car drivers follow pickup trucks more closely, they follow SUVs and minivans at a greater distance. The external cost on the transportation system is estimated to be approximately $37 million annually in the Detroit area and $2.05 billion annually for the United States as a whole.

The Benefits and Costs of New Fuels and Engines for Light-Duty Vehicles in the United States

Risk Analysis ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 1141-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Keefe ◽  
James P. Griffin ◽  
John D. Graham
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Light Duty Vehicles ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Dynamic Speed Feedback Signs Are Effective in Reducing Driver Speeds: A Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (12) ◽  
pp. 481-492
Author(s):  
Dan F.B. Flynn ◽  
Andrew Breck ◽  
Olivia Gillham ◽  
Randolph G. Atkins ◽  
Donald L. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Work Zones ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Quantitative Review ◽  
Automobile Crashes ◽  
Light Duty

Excess speed contributes to over a quarter of all fatal automobile crashes in the United States, costing society billions of dollars each year. Lowering excess speeds to reduce these human, societal, and economic costs is therefore a major focus of safety officials and highway engineers. This study presents a quantitative review of the effectiveness of dynamic speed feedback signs (DSFS), which provide drivers with real-time feedback on their speed so that drivers traveling above the posted speed can slow appropriately. Using a meta-analysis of 43 publications, this study demonstrates that DSFS can effectively reduce speeds in different contexts (e.g., school and work zones) and for different vehicle types (e.g., heavy and light duty). Across all types of contexts and vehicle types that were analyzed, the meta-analysis identified statistically significant reductions in speeds when DSFS are installed. Overall, reductions of 4 mph were detected as a result of DSFS installation for passenger cars, and reductions between 2 and 4 mph were detected across vehicle types in the different contexts assessed. As reductions in speed of just 4 mph of vehicles traveling 30–35 mph can reduce fatal pedestrian-vehicle strikes by upwards of 40%, these findings demonstrate that the reductions in speed at DSFS were not only statistically significant, but also practically significant in areas such as school zones and work zones.

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