scholarly journals An Ecosystem-Scale Flux Measurement Strategy to Assess Natural Climate Solutions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle S. Hemes ◽  
Benjamin R. K. Runkle ◽  
Kimberly A. Novick ◽  
Dennis D. Baldocchi ◽  
Christopher B. Field
Keyword(s):  
Flux Measurement ◽  
Measurement Strategy ◽  
Natural Climate

CCD flux measurement system PROHERMES

1999 ◽  
Vol 09 (PR3) ◽  
pp. Pr3-649-Pr3-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kröger-Vodde ◽  
A. Holländer
Keyword(s):  
Measurement System ◽  
Flux Measurement

Development of transportation types and their usage on caravan roads in middle ages

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Jahongir Yunusugli Ergashev
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
Sand Storm ◽  
Natural Climate ◽  
Daily Load ◽  
Daily Distance

During the existence of the Bukhara khanate, the economic and trade relations with neighboring countries on the territory of Central Asia have been largely based on transport system of the old network of roads. Along with the formation and development of communication routes, transportation vehicles also improved based on the natural climate and geographical location of different regions.  In the following article the info is given on the means of the transport used in the caravan routes in the trade-economic relations of khanate of Bukhara with neighboring countries in medieval times. Included there, the starting of domestication and usage of horse drawn vehicles, camels, donkeys and others, the capacity of daily load of camels, horses, donkeys which were core of caravans, their daily distance, the necessary tasks in the incidents occurred in caravan routes (injuries, bruises, contagious diseases) the stopping regulation of caravans (sand storm, in heat and frost) is thoroughly analyzed.

Application of the Balanced Scorecard in the Veterinary company and Supplies Pa'lante S.P.R of R.L. of C.V

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Guillermo Benítez López ◽  
Margarita Cruz-Chávez ◽  
María de los Ángeles Valdez-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Reliable Measurement ◽  
The Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Proper Functioning ◽  
Measurement Strategy ◽  
A Company ◽  
And Training

The objective of the application of the Balanced Scorecard methodology in the Veterinary and supplies PA`LANTE S.P.R. OF R.L. DE C.V. In the area of production and repair of trailers is to identify exactly what should be monitored to introduce a reliable measurement strategy that provide information on performance and understand why they are giving certain results, the methodology is to align the companies towards the achievement of business strategies, through tangible objectives and indicators as it converts the vision of companies into action through a coherent set of indicators grouped into four business perspectives that are: Financial, Clients, Internal Processes and Training and Growth since this methodology suggests that these perspectives cover all the processes necessary for the proper functioning of a company. The contribution of the methodology is to determine what factors are influencing the area of production and repair of trailer that are affecting the production times considering the last three quarters of the year 2018.

Facial expression differences indicate pain improvement at the emergency department

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Pain Measurement ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Head Rotation ◽  
Numeric Rating Scale ◽  
Nasolabial Fold ◽  
Measurement Strategy ◽  
Pain Improvement

Purpose: Pain is a major symptom for patients to seek medical services, but limited evidence supports the applicability and usage of facial expressions as a pain measurement strategy in the emergency department (ED). In this study, we explored possible differences in facial expressions before and after pain management and compared these differences with those in a self-reported pain scale. Methods: In this observational study, convenience sampling of patients admitted to the ED was conducted. Two video sessions of facial expressions were recorded for each participant, and participants rated their painon a self-reported numeric rating scale (NRS). A total of 25 facial parameters were extracted per frame. The main outcome measurements were the differences in facial parameters, and their correlation with changes in NRS scores was examined. Results: This study included 163 participants. A stronger reduction in NRS scores was associated with differences in systolic blood pressure (sBPr = 0.247, P = 0.011) and the following changes in facial features: eye opening (left: r = -0.210, P = 0.007; right: r = -0.206, P = 0.008), eye aspect ratio (left: r = -0.382, P < 0.001; right: r = -0.305, P < 0.001), and head rotation angle (r = 0.218, P = 0.005). Pain improvement (a difference of ≥ 4 in NRS scores) was associated with differences in BP (sBP, odds ratio [OR] = 0.973, 95%confidence interval [CI]: 0.949-0.998, P = 0.034; dBP, OR = 1.078, 95% CI: 1.026-1.113, P = 0.003), eye aspect ratio (Left: β = 5.613, 95% CI: 2.234-14.104, P < 0.001; Right: β = 2.743, 95% CI: 1.395-5.391, P = 0.003), and nasolabial fold variation (β = 0.548, 95% CI: 0.306-0.982, P = 0.043), after adjustment for variables Conclusions: Intraindividual changes in facial expressions can be used to track clinically relevant differences in pain. Facial expressions alone cannot be used as a pain measurement strategy in the ED.

Pitfalls of Tree Planting Show Why We Need People-Centered Natural Climate Solutions

BioScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Forrest Fleischman ◽  
Shishir Basant ◽  
Ashwini Chhatre ◽  
Eric A Coleman ◽  
Harry W Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Planting ◽  
Natural Climate

scholarly journals Correction of Eddy Covariance Based Crop ET Considering the Heat Flux Source Area

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 281
Author(s):  
Stuart L. Joy ◽  
José L. Chávez
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Flux Measurement ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Mean Bias Error ◽  
Bias Error ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
The Past ◽  
Measurement Results

Eddy covariance (EC) systems are being used to measure sensible heat (H) and latent heat (LE) fluxes in order to determine crop water use or evapotranspiration (ET). The reliability of EC measurements depends on meeting certain meteorological assumptions; the most important of such are horizontal homogeneity, stationarity, and non-advective conditions. Over heterogeneous surfaces, the spatial context of the measurement must be known in order to properly interpret the magnitude of the heat flux measurement results. Over the past decades, there has been a proliferation of ‘heat flux source area’ (i.e., footprint) modeling studies, but only a few have explored the accuracy of the models over heterogeneous agricultural land. A composite ET estimate was created by using the estimated footprint weights for an EC system in the upwind corner of four fields and separate ET estimates from each of these fields. Three analytical footprint models were evaluated by comparing the composite ET to the measured ET. All three models performed consistently well, with an average mean bias error (MBE) of about −0.03 mm h−1 (−4.4%) and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.09 mm h−1 (10.9%). The same three footprint models were then used to adjust the EC-measured ET to account for the fraction of the footprint that extended beyond the field of interest. The effectiveness of the footprint adjustment was determined by comparing the adjusted ET estimates with the lysimetric ET measurements from within the same field. This correction decreased the absolute hourly ET MBE by 8%, and the RMSE by 1%.

scholarly journals Quantifying the influence of natural climate variability on in situ measurements of seasonal total and extreme daily precipitation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Risser ◽  
Michael F. Wehner ◽  
John P. O’Brien ◽  
Christina M. Patricola ◽  
Travis A. O’Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Climate Indices ◽  
Natural Climate Variability ◽  
Modes Of Variability ◽  
Natural Climate

AbstractWhile various studies explore the relationship between individual sources of climate variability and extreme precipitation, there is a need for improved understanding of how these physical phenomena simultaneously influence precipitation in the observational record across the contiguous United States. In this work, we introduce a single framework for characterizing the historical signal (anthropogenic forcing) and noise (natural variability) in seasonal mean and extreme precipitation. An important aspect of our analysis is that we simultaneously isolate the individual effects of seven modes of variability while explicitly controlling for joint inter-mode relationships. Our method utilizes a spatial statistical component that uses in situ measurements to resolve relationships to their native scales; furthermore, we use a data-driven procedure to robustly determine statistical significance. In Part I of this work we focus on natural climate variability: detection is mostly limited to DJF and SON for the modes of variability considered, with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, the Pacific–North American pattern, and the North Atlantic Oscillation exhibiting the largest influence. Across all climate indices considered, the signals are larger and can be detected more clearly for seasonal total versus extreme precipitation. We are able to detect at least some significant relationships in all seasons in spite of extremely large (> 95%) background variability in both mean and extreme precipitation. Furthermore, we specifically quantify how the spatial aspect of our analysis reduces uncertainty and increases detection of statistical significance while also discovering results that quantify the complex interconnected relationships between climate drivers and seasonal precipitation.

scholarly journals On the use of plume models to estimate the flux in volcanic gas plumes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Woitischek ◽  
Nicola Mingotti ◽  
Marie Edmonds ◽  
Andrew W. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Flux Measurement ◽  
Hydrothermal Systems ◽  
Mount Etna ◽  
Volcanic Gas ◽  
Gas Flux ◽  
Convective Structures ◽  
Video Images ◽  
Villarrica Volcano

AbstractMany of the standard volcanic gas flux measurement approaches involve absorption spectroscopy in combination with wind speed measurements. Here, we present a new method using video images of volcanic plumes to measure the speed of convective structures combined with classical plume theory to estimate volcanic fluxes. We apply the method to a nearly vertical gas plume at Villarrica Volcano, Chile, and a wind-blown gas plume at Mount Etna, Italy. Our estimates of the gas fluxes are consistent in magnitude with previous reported fluxes obtained by spectroscopy and electrochemical sensors for these volcanoes. Compared to conventional gas flux measurement techniques focusing on SO2, our new model also has the potential to be used for sulfur-poor plumes in hydrothermal systems because it estimates the H2O flux.

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