scholarly journals An Ensemble Learning Approach for Estimating High Spatiotemporal Resolution of Ground-Level Ozone in the Contiguous United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (18) ◽  
pp. 11037-11047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weeberb J. Requia ◽  
Qian Di ◽  
Rachel Silvern ◽  
James T. Kelly ◽  
Petros Koutrakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ensemble Learning ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Ground Level Ozone ◽  
High Spatiotemporal Resolution

scholarly journals Assessing PM2.5Exposures with High Spatiotemporal Resolution across the Continental United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 4712-4721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Di ◽  
Itai Kloog ◽  
Petros Koutrakis ◽  
Alexei Lyapustin ◽  
Yujie Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
High Spatiotemporal Resolution

Coal

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-119
Author(s):  
Paul F. Meier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pulverized Coal ◽  
Ground Level Ozone ◽  
Energy Applications ◽  
Residential Heating ◽  
Coal Technology

Coal has two main energy applications, with about 90% used for electricity generation and 10% used for commercial and residential heating. In terms of electricity generation in the United States, coal is responsible for about 28%, a significant decrease from 53% twenty years earlier when it was the leading energy for producing electricity. There are two primary commercial methods for generating electricity from coal including pulverized coal combustion and fluidized bed coal combustion. To safely burn coal, sulfur, nitrogen, and heavy metals are removed at the electric plant. The sequestering of sulfur and nitrogen are important steps for limiting acid rain and ground level ozone. To generate electricity, the United States has about 360 coal plants with about 790 generators, of which greater than 90% use pulverized coal technology. Most coal is transported by rail.

Unraveling the sources of ground level ozone in the Intermountain Western United States using Pb isotopes

2015 ◽  
Vol 530-531 ◽  
pp. 519-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Christensen ◽  
Peter Weiss-Penzias ◽  
Rebekka Fine ◽  
Charles E. McDade ◽  
Krystyna Trzepla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Pb Isotopes ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Ground Level Ozone

scholarly journals Ontario Medical Association Position Paper on Health Effects of Ground-Level Ozone, Acid Aerosols and Particulate Matter

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 367-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
BT Boadway ◽  
J MacPhail ◽  
C Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ground Level Ozone ◽  
Emission Limits

This review of the evidence of the health effects of air pollutants focuses on research conducted in Ontario. Seven key Ontario studies are cited. These findings are highly significant for people living in the Great Lakes basin (and particularly the Windsor-Quebec corridor), where high levels of certain air pollutants (eg, ground-level ozone and ultra-fine particles) occur more frequently than in other parts of Canada. The issue is a serious one, requiring an integrated and comprehensive approach by many stakeholders, including the active involvement of organized medicine. It is important that the health effects of these air pollutants are understood. Governments must act to reduce emission levels through statue and regulation bolstered by noncompliance penalties.The findings of research have included the following: in a Toronto study, a 2% to 4% excess of respiratory deaths were attributable to pollutant levels; children living in rural Ontario communities with the highest levels of airborne acids were significantly more likely to report at least one episode of bronchitis, as well as to show decreases in lung function; and have been linked to increases in pollutants, emergency room visits and hospitalizations in Ontario.Every Ontarian is affected by air pollutants, although he or she may be unaware of the asymptomatic effects such as lung and bronchial inflammation. This health problem is preventable; while physicians know of the adverse health impacts of air pollution and they are concerned, individually they now focus on the treatment of symptoms. The major recommendations of the report are as follows:* Enactment of more stringent sulphur and nitrogen oxide emission limits, including a provincewide sulphur dioxide reduction of 75% from current cap levels, and the maximum allowable nitrogen oxides emission limits of 6000 tonnes annually from Ontario Hydro.* New transportation sector emission limits that should include California-level standards for light and heavy duty vehicles, reductions from off-road engines, an expanded vehicle inspection and maintenance program, and tougher standards for sulphur-in-fuel content.* Petitioning the United States Environmental Protection Agency administrator under Section 115 of the United States Clear Air Act to require reductions in the American emission of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which damage the health of Canadian residents and their environment.* Physician advice to patients about the risks of smog exposure, physician support for more health effects research on air pollution, and physician promotion of the development of air pollution-related health education materials.The recommendations discussed in this paper will, if acted upon, lead to a significant reduction in the overall burden of illness from air pollutants, especially in children and the elderly. These recommendations have been selected from a review of recommendations made by various authorities, and are those that the OMA feels a particular responsibility to support.

scholarly journals Baseline levels and trends of ground level ozone in Canada and the United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 8629-8647 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Chan ◽  
R. J. Vet
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Ground Level Ozone ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Western Us ◽  
The Us ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Ozone Precursor

Abstract. A statistical method was developed to extract baseline levels of ground level ozone in Canada and the US, and to quantify the temporal changes of baseline ozone levels on annual, seasonal, diurnal and decadal scales for the period 1997 to 2006 based on ground-level observations from 97 non-urban monitoring sites. Baseline ozone is defined here as ozone measured at a given site in the absence of strong local influences. The quantification of baseline levels involved using a Principal Component Analyses (PCA) to derive groups of commonly-varying sites in contiguous regions by season, followed by using backward air parcel trajectories to systematically select ozone mixing ratios associated with the baseline condition in each of the PCA-derived regions. Decadal trends were estimated by season for each of the regions using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). Baseline ozone mixing ratios determined by this method were found to vary geographically and seasonally. For the 1997–2006 period, baseline mixing ratios were calculated for annual and seasonal periods in seven regions of North America based on multi-site multi-year averages of the baseline data sets. The annual average (±1 standard deviation) baseline mixing ratios for the regions are as follows: Continental Eastern Canada=30±9 ppb, Continental Eastern US=30±10 ppb, Coastal Eastern Canada=27±9 ppb, Coastal Western Canada=19±10 ppb; Coastal Western US=39±10 ppb, Continental Western Canada=28±10 ppb and Continental Western US=46±7 ppb. Trends in the baseline mixing ratios were also found to vary by season and by geographical region. On a decadal scale, increasing baseline ozone trends (temperature-adjusted) were observed in all seasons along the Pacific coasts of Canada and the US, although the trends in California were not statistically significant. In the coastal zone of Pacific Canada, positive trends were found with a rate of increase of 0.28±0.26, 0.72±0.55, and 0.93±0.41 ppb/a in spring (MAM), summer (JJA) and winter (DJF), respectively. In the Atlantic coastal region, the trends were also positive in 3 of the 4 seasons (but only significantly so in MAM). In the high ozone precursor emission areas of the Eastern United States, decadal trends in baseline ozone are, in general, negative in the spring, summer and fall and appear to be controlled by the strong within-region changes induced by decreasing ozone precursor emissions.

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