Comprehensive Analysis of Sodium Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate Detergents

1955 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Weiss ◽  
A. E. O'Donnell ◽  
R. J. Shreve ◽  
E. D. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate ◽  
Alkyl Aryl

Microemulsion Phase Behavior Observations, Thermodynamic Essentials, Mathematical Simulation

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (06) ◽  
pp. 747-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl E. Bennett ◽  
Craig H.K. Phelps ◽  
H. Ted Davis ◽  
L.E. Scriven
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Phase Behavior ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate ◽  
Phase Volume ◽  
Displacement Efficiency ◽  
Alkyl Aryl ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Tie Lines

Abstract The phase behavior of microemulsions of brine, hydrocarbon, alcohol, and a pure alkyl aryl sulfonate-sodium 4-(1-heptylnonyl) benzenesulfonate (SHBS or Texas 1) was investigated as a function of the concentration of salt (NaCl, MgCl2, or CaCl2), the hydrocarbon (n-alkanes, octane to hexadecane), the alcohol (butyl and amyl isomers), the concentration of surfactant, and temperature. The phase behavior mimics that of similar systems with the commercial surfactant Witco TRS 10–80. The phase volumes follow published trends, though with exceptions.A mathematical framework is presented for modeling phase behavior in a manner consistent with the thermodynamically required critical tie lines and plait point progressions from the critical endpoints. Hand's scheme for modeling binodals and Pope and Nelson's approach to modeling the evolution of the surfactant-rich third phase are extended to satisfy these requirements.An examination of model-generated progressions of ternary phase diagrams enhances understanding of the experimental data and reveals correlations of relative phase volumes (volume uptakes) with location of the mixing point (overall composition) relative to the height of the three-phase region and the locations of the critical tie lines (critical endpoints and conjugate phases). The correlations account, on thermodynamic grounds, for cases in which the surfactant is present in more than one phase or the phase volumes change discontinuously, both cases being observed in the experimental study. Introduction The phase behavior of a surfactant-based micellar formulation is one of the major factors governing the displacement efficiency of any chemical flooding process employing that formulation. Knowledge of phase behavior is, thus, important for the interpretation of laboratory core floods, the design of flooding processes, and the evaluation of field tests. Phase behavior is connected intimately with other determinants of the flooding process, such as interfacial tension and viscosity. Since the number of equilibrium phases and their volumes and appearances are easier to measure and observe than phase compositions, viscosities, and interfacial tensions, there is great interest in understanding the phase-volume/phase-property relationships. Commercial surfactants, such as Witco TRS 10-80, are sulfonates of crude or partially refined oil. While they seem to be the most economically practicable surfactants for micellar flooding, their behavior, particularly with crude oils and reservoir brines, can be difficult to interpret, the phases varying with time and from batch to batch. Phase behavior studies with a small number of components, in conjunction with a theoretical understanding of phase behavior progressions, can aid in understanding more complex behavior. In particular, one can begin to appreciate which seemingly abnormal experimental observations (e.g., surfactant present in more than one phase or a discontinuity in phase volume trends) are merely features of certain regions of any phase diagram and which are peculiar to the specific crude oil or commercial surfactant used in the study.We report here experimental studies of the phase behavior of microemulsions of a pure sulfonate surfactant (Texas 1), a single normal alkane hydrocarbon, a simple brine, and a small amount of a suitable alcohol as cosurfactant or cosolvent. The controlled variables are hydrocarbon chain length, alcohol, salinity, salt type (NaCl, MgCl2, or CaCl2), surfactant purity, surfactant concentration, and temperature. Many of these experimental data were presented earlier. SPEJ P. 747^

NATURE AND GROWTH RESPONSE OF THE MICROFLORA OF PASTEURIZED, PACKAGED MILK1

1967 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 213-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Maxcy
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate ◽  
Alkyl Aryl ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Subsequent Storage

Summary The microflora of freshly pasteurized, packaged milk is heterogeneous, and the numbers are generally low. While it is commonly assumed all bacteria are included in assays of numbers with plate count agar and standard methods, under normal conditions few are able to grow and contribute significantly to spoilage. Post-pasteurization contamination, which contributes insignificantly to the total count on freshly pasteurized, packaged milk, contributes most of the bacteria that are capable of growth to cause spoilage during subsequent storage. Though there is a delay after pasteurization before significant bacterial growth takes place, the same group of bacteria is responsible at either 5 C or 32 C. The growth response of these bacteria was measured with a selective medium of nutrient agar containing alkyl aryl sulfonate. Data obtained by the use of the selective medium indicated a potentially useful approach to quality control.

Safety Assessment of Xylene Sulfonic Acid, Toluene Sulfonic Acid, and Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate Hydrotropes as Used in Cosmetics

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 270S-283S
Author(s):  
Wilma F. Bergfeld ◽  
Donald V. Belsito ◽  
Curtis D. Klaassen ◽  
Ronald Hill ◽  
Daniel Liebler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate ◽  
Alkyl Aryl ◽  
Toluene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Cosmetic Ingredients ◽  
Toxicological Data ◽  
Structure Properties

Xylene sulfonic acid, toluene sulfonic acid, and alkyl aryl sulfonate hydrotropes used in cosmetics as surfactants, hydrotropes, were reviewed in this safety assessment. The similar structure, properties, functions, and uses of these ingredients enabled grouping them and using the available toxicological data to assess the safety of the entire group. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel reviewed relevant animal and human data related to these ingredients. The panel concluded that xylene sulfonic acid and alkyl aryl sulfonate hydrotropes are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the present practices of use and concentrations as described in this safety assessment, when formulated to be nonirritating.

Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate–Builder Mixtures

1950 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 856-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reynold C. Merrill ◽  
Raymond Getty
Keyword(s):  
Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate ◽  
Alkyl Aryl
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