Determination of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide in emissions from electric utility plants by alkaline permanganate sampling and ion chromatography

U.S. Federal regulations under Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments promulgated in 1990 require continuous monitoring of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide emissions from large gas turbines. Local, regional, or State authorities may mandate continuous monitoring for carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds, and other specific pollutant parameters. U.S. regulations that require continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) also allow for the use of predictive approaches as an alternative providing the installed predictive emissions monitoring system (PEMS) meets rigorous performance specification criteria and the site performs ongoing quality assurance tasks such as periodic audits with portable analyzers and annual accuracy testing. A statistical hybrid predictive emission monitoring system (PEMS) has been deployed at numerous sites in the United States to meet EPA requirements for continuous monitoring of gas turbine pollutant emissions. This paper discusses specific implementations of a unique cost-effective statistical hybrid PEMS on various classes of gas turbines ranging in size from 60kW to 180 MW, both gas-fired and liquid-fired units, in simple cycle and combined cycle mode of operation. The turbines were equipped with a variety of NOx control strategies including dry low NOx, steam and water injection, solid post-combustion catalyst, SoLoNOx™, and selective catalytic reduction. In each instance the predictive engine operated on training data of at least three days and up to ninety days as required to develop a robust empirical model of the emissions. Each model was subsequently evaluated using standard U.S. EPA performance specification test methods. The results of PEMS performance testing on these gas turbines are presented along with additional information regarding the quality assurance and quality control procedures put in place and the costs to support the ongoing operation of the deployed compliance statistical hybrid PEMS.

Download Full-text

Determination of Carbon Dioxide and Acid Components in Exhaust Gas by Suppressed Ion Chromatography

Analytical Sciences ◽

10.2116/analsci.20.219 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 219-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Makoto NONOMURA

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Ion Chromatography ◽

Exhaust Gas

Download Full-text

Qualitative Determination of Impurities in Elemental Selenium by Infrared Spectrophotometry

Applied Spectroscopy ◽

10.1366/000370269774380473 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 528-531 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert A. Burley

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Hydrogen Sulfide ◽

Sulfur Dioxide ◽

Elemental Selenium ◽

Infrared Spectrophotometry ◽

Trace Impurities ◽

Liquid Sulfur ◽

Qualitative Determination ◽

Determination Of Impurities

Infrared spectrophotometry can be applied to the detection of trace impurities and doping elements in high purity elemental selenium. The impurities examined include arsenic, sulfur, tellurium, and their oxides; chlorine, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and selenious acid. Present results support earlier conclusions to the effect that the oxidation of impurities occurs readily in molten selenium. The band positions of sulfur dioxide dissolved in vitreous selenium show that the solution is analogous to solutions of sulfur dioxide in liquid sulfur and organic solvents.

Download Full-text

Determination of Free Sulfites (SO3–2) in Dried Fruits Processed with Sulfur Dioxide by Ion Chromatography through Anion Exchange Column and Conductivity Detection

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.5740/jaoacint.11-053 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 96 (5) ◽

pp. 1103-1108 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Benjamin S Liao ◽

Jacqueline C Sram ◽

Darin J Files

Keyword(s):

Sulfur Dioxide ◽

Anion Exchange ◽

Ion Chromatography ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Anion Exchange Column ◽

Dried Fruits ◽

Exchange Column ◽

Sample Extract ◽

Sample Extraction

Abstract A simple and effective anion ion chromatography (IC) method with anion exchange column and conductivity detector has been developed to determine free sulfites (SO3–2) in dried fruits processed with sulfur dioxide. No oxidation agent, such as hydrogen peroxide, is used to convert sulfites to sulfates for IC analysis. In addition, no stabilizing agent, such as formaldehyde, fructose or EDTA, is required during the sample extraction. This method uses aqueous 0.2 N NaOH as the solvent for standard preparation and sample extraction. The sulfites, either prepared from standard sodium sulfite powder or extracted from food samples, are presumed to be unbound SO3–2 in aqueous 0.2 N NaOH (pH > 13), because the bound sulfites in the sample matrix are released at pH > 10. In this study, sulfites in the standard solutions were stable at room temperature (i.e., 15–25°C) for up to 12 days. The lowest standard of the linear calibration curve is set at 1.59 μg/mL SO3–2 (equivalent to 6.36 μg/g sample with no dilution) for analysis of processed dried fruits that would contain high levels (>1000 μg/g) of sulfites. As a consequence, this method typically requires significant dilution of the sample extract. Samples are prepared with a simple procedure of sample compositing, extraction with aqueous 0.2 N NaOH, centrifugation, dilution as needed, and filtration prior to IC. The sulfites in these sample extracts are stable at room temperature for up to 20 h. Using anion IC, the sulfites are eluted under isocratic conditions with 10 mM aqueous sodium carbonate solution as the mobile phase passing through an anion exchange column. The sulfites are easily separated, with an analysis run time of 18 min, regardless of the dried fruit matrix. Recoveries from samples spiked with sodium sulfites were demonstrated to be between 81 and 105% for five different fruit matrixes (apricot, golden grape, white peach, fig, and mango). Overall, this method is simple to perform and effective for the determination of high levels of sulfites in dried fruits.

Download Full-text

ІНГІБІТОРИ ТА АКТИВАТОРИ ПРОЦЕСУ ПОГЛИНАННЯ ВУГЛЕКИСЛОГО ГАЗУ ХЛОРОФІЛСИНТЕЗУЮЧИМИ МІКРОВОДОРОСТЯМИ

Scientific Works ◽

10.15673/swonaft.v82i1.1010 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Василь Володимирович Дячок ◽

Вікторія Катишева ◽

Сергій Іванович Гуглич ◽

Сергій Мандрик

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Sulfur Dioxide ◽

Nitrogen Oxides ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Terrestrial Plants ◽

Carbon Dioxide Absorption ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Substrate Complex ◽

Enzyme Substrate ◽

Biological Methods

Відходи сучасних виробництв становлять серйозну загрозу для навколишнього середовища, що спонукає до розробки новітніх методів їх утилізації. Вміст вуглекислого газу в атмосфері вже давно є предметом обговорення на політичному рівні держав світу, лідери яких з року в рік шукають шляхи зменшення шкідливих викидів в атмосферу. В цьому випадку застосування біологічних методів є об’єктивною умовою для використання фотосинтетичних властивостей мікроводоростей. Використання мікроводоростей в процесах очищення промислових газових викидів має суттєві переваги завдяки здатності поглинати в десятки разів більшу кількість вуглекислого газу в порівнянні з наземними рослинами та здатності адаптуватися до несприятливих умовах: низькі температури середовища та освітленість, лужно-кислотний баланс, вплив інгібіторів і т. д. За рахунок дослідження цих факторів можна отримати більш глибоке розуміння біологічних методів знешкодження забрудників, та процесів що відбуваються у досліджуваних об’єктах.У продуктах спалювання палива завжди міститься велика кількість оксидів, найбільш небезпечними є діоксид сульфуру та оксиди азоту. Тому вивчення впливу їх на процес фотосинтезу хлорофіл синтезуючими мікроводоростями є важливим. Результати експериментальних досліджень процесу поглинання вуглекислого газу із промислових газових викидів хлорофілсинтезуючими мікроводоростями типу Chlorella засвідчують про вплив діоксиду сульфуру та оксидів азоту на динаміку поглинання. Доведено зворотнє неконкурентне інгібіювання фермент-субстратного комплексу клітини мікроводорості діоксином сульфуру відповідно до теорії Лайнуівера-Берка та активування оксидами нітрогену. Встановлені допустимі значення концентрацій інгібітора, діоксиду сульфуру, в процесі поглинання вуглекислого газу хлорофілсинтезуючими мікроводоростями. Визначено константу нестійкості комплексу ферменту та ферментсубстратного комплексу з інгібітором. Встановлено значення оптимальної концентрації оксидів нітрогену, як активатора приросту мікровдоростей типу Chlorella. The waste of modern production poses a serious threat to the environment, which prompts development of modern methods of their utilization. The content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been the subject of discussion at the political level of the states of the world, whose leaders are looking for ways to reduce harmful emissions to the atmosphere from year to year. In this case, the use of biological methods are objective conditions for the use photosynthetic properties of microalgae. The use of microalgae in the process of purifying industrial gas emissions has significant advantages due to the ability to absorb dozens of times more carbon dioxide than terrestrial plants and adapt to adverse conditions: low temperatures and illumination, alkaline-acid balance, the effect of inhibitors, etc. Through the study of these factors can gain a deeper understanding of biological methods of neutralizing pollutants and the processes occurring in the investigated objects.The products of combustion of fuel always contain a large number of oxides, the most dangerous are sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Therefore, the study of their influence on the process of photosynthesis by chlorophyllsynthesizing microalgae is important. The results of experimental studies on the process of carbon dioxide absorption from industrial gas emissions by chlorophyllsynthesizing Chlorella microalgae demonstrate the influence of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides on the absorption dynamics. The phenomenon of sulfur dioxide inhibition and activation by nitrogen oxides of the process of photosynthesis is established. Reverse noncompetitive inhibition of the microalgae cell-enzyme-substrate complex with dioxin sulfur was proved in accordance with the Linouiver-Burke theory and the activation by nitrogen oxides is proved. The permissible values of the inhibitor concentrations in the process of carbon dioxide absorption by chlorophyllsyntheszing microalgae is established. The instability constant of the enzyme complex and the enzyme substrate complex with the inhibitor is determined. The value of optimal concentration of nitrogen dioxide as an activator of the growth of the Chlorella microalgae is established.

Download Full-text