Deterioration of marble structures. The role of acid rain

1987 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 104A-106A ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger J. Cheng ◽  
Jih Ru Hwu ◽  
Jung T. Kim ◽  
Show Mei Leu
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain

scholarly journals 100 Years of Progress in Gas-Phase Atmospheric Chemistry Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 10.1-10.52 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Wallington ◽  
J. H. Seinfeld ◽  
J. R. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Acid Rain ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Tropospheric Chemistry ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Reaction Rates

Abstract Remarkable progress has occurred over the last 100 years in our understanding of atmospheric chemical composition, stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry, urban air pollution, acid rain, and the formation of airborne particles from gas-phase chemistry. Much of this progress was associated with the developing understanding of the formation and role of ozone and of the oxides of nitrogen, NO and NO2, in the stratosphere and troposphere. The chemistry of the stratosphere, emerging from the pioneering work of Chapman in 1931, was followed by the discovery of catalytic ozone cycles, ozone destruction by chlorofluorocarbons, and the polar ozone holes, work honored by the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to Crutzen, Rowland, and Molina. Foundations for the modern understanding of tropospheric chemistry were laid in the 1950s and 1960s, stimulated by the eye-stinging smog in Los Angeles. The importance of the hydroxyl (OH) radical and its relationship to the oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2) emerged. The chemical processes leading to acid rain were elucidated. The atmosphere contains an immense number of gas-phase organic compounds, a result of emissions from plants and animals, natural and anthropogenic combustion processes, emissions from oceans, and from the atmospheric oxidation of organics emitted into the atmosphere. Organic atmospheric particulate matter arises largely as gas-phase organic compounds undergo oxidation to yield low-volatility products that condense into the particle phase. A hundred years ago, quantitative theories of chemical reaction rates were nonexistent. Today, comprehensive computer codes are available for performing detailed calculations of chemical reaction rates and mechanisms for atmospheric reactions. Understanding the future role of atmospheric chemistry in climate change and, in turn, the impact of climate change on atmospheric chemistry, will be critical to developing effective policies to protect the planet.

Ecological Effects of Acid Deposition Upon Peatlands: A Neglected Field in "Acid-Rain" Research

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1256-1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eville Gorham ◽  
Suzanne E. Bayley ◽  
David W. Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Metal Mobilization ◽  
Mass Balances ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hydrological Changes

Certain types of peatlands are probably highly susceptible to anthropogenic acidification, yet very little research is being done on the vulnerability of bogs and fens to acid deposition. We have documented the need for such research and for studies of the role of acidification — natural and anthropogenic — in determining nutrient availability, metal mobilization, and biogeochemical cycling by fauna and microflora. Possible effects of hydrological changes, and of drainage from acid peatlands to lakes and streams, are noted. We provide an outline of possible responses of plants and animals to acidification; these should be investigated at species, community, and ecosystem levels. Studies of peatlands as possible sources of the gaseous precursors of acid deposition are needed. Different approaches to examining the responses of peatlands to acid deposition include geographical surveys, experimental studies, short-term, long-term, and paleoecological investigations, and analysis of biogeochemical mass-balances. Finally, we emphasize the need for inclusive studies of peatlands in relation to surrounding uplands and to the streams and lakes that receive their drainage.

Deterioration of Marble Structures The Role of Acid Rain

1987 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 104A-106A ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger J. Cheng ◽  
Jih Ru Hwu ◽  
Jung T. Kim ◽  
Show-Mei Leu
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain
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