Impact analysis of potential glyphosate regulatory restrictions in the European Union on Turkish hazelnut production and economy

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-231
Author(s):  
Husrev Mennan ◽  
Mehmet Bozoğlu ◽  
Uğur Başer ◽  
Ivo Brants ◽  
Xavier Belvaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Impact

AbstractHazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a native shrub on the steep slopes of the mountains and on the plains in the Black Sea coast of Turkey. Turkey is the world’s largest hazelnut producer and exporter, followed by Italy, Spain, the United States, and Greece. Within the scope of this project, a number of surveys were conducted in Turkey to understand the impact of a glyphosate ban on hazelnut production and the economy. Sixty farm surveys were conducted within the Black Sea region, and those data were used as primary information sources. Databases of institutions, theses, academic reports, and published articles were used as secondary data sources to determine the possible effects of a glyphosate ban on Turkish hazelnut production and economy. One of the most important findings of the study was that agricultural business and employment sustained by hazelnut production constitute a significant part of the rural economy. Tillage and mechanical strategies remain as the most sustainable alternative methods for controlling weeds. A potential glyphosate restriction may increase the demand for labor due to a higher need for mechanical strategies. The cost of these alternative methods are 80% more compared with glyphosate weed control systems. The benefit–cost model predicted that, in the case of no glyphosate use, total hazelnut production would decrease by 12% to 21% due to inefficient weed control. A glyphosate ban would result in a reduction in Turkish gross domestic product. Yearly, an average of US$2 billion in revenue is obtained from hazelnut exports, and this number corresponds to 1.37% of Turkey’s annual export value. The glyphosate ban would cause a US$240 to US$420 million loss in hazelnut export value and reduce production by 66 to 115 million kg. Global demand for hazelnut is believed to be on the increase, and world production depends largely on Turkey.

scholarly journals NATO Regional Approaches to Missile Defense – in the Context of Black Sea Security

2020 ◽  
Vol 2(15)/2020 (2(15)/2020) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Alika Guchua
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Missile Defense ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
The One

In modern times, the security of the Black Sea region is given great attention in international politics. This is an important area of interest for the EuroAtlantic Alliance, as evidenced by the European Parliament's Strategy for the Black Sea, adopted in 2011. NATO's close attention at the 2016 Warsaw Summit and the Parliamentary Assembly in Bucharest in 2017 shows its interest in this issue, as well as at the 2019 Washington Ministerial meeting, which approved a package of security actions The Black Sea. After the annexation of Crimea by Russia, we can safely say that the region is included in the sphere of interests of global players. The Black Sea is simultaneously a confrontation line between global powers, where the interests of Russia and NATO, Russia and the European Union, on the one hand, and Turkey, Russia, and the United States, on the other, diverge. The article discusses the importance and role of the Black Sea in the context of global security. The policy of modernization and development of missile defense systems and strategic strike weapons in the Black Sea region is also being discussed. The main approaches and characteristics of NATO's regional security policy in the Black Sea are discussed.

scholarly journals Тhe Bulgarian Policy in the Black Sea Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-287
Author(s):  
M. G. Bistrina
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Energy Trade ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Many

The policy of Bulgaria in the Black Sea region plays an important role for the future development of the country, as well as for the development of the region as a whole. The inability to develop a national strategy aggravates a number of problems in terms of the strategic use of the resources of the Black Sea, leads to enormous losses for the country. At the present time, Bulgaria is implementing a number of policies in the Black Sea region — such as energy, trade, traffic and security, protection of the surrounding environment, regional cooperation, etc. To effectively overcome the many problems in the Black Sea region, it is necessary first of all to take collective actions that will help overcome two obstacles: the EU’s interests in the Black Sea region and Bulgaria’s ability to defend its national interests, not adhering to the EU’s common policy.At the moment, the European Union is intensifying its efforts to create an effective policy in order to enter the Black Sea region and become one of the main players. We should not forget the interests of other Great Powers like Russia and The United States.

THE ECONOMIC-MILITARY IMPORTANCE OF THE BLACK SEA – NORTH SEA CORRIDOR FOR ENSURING STABILITY IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
Valentin-Costinel TOTIR ◽  
Roxana ALEXANDRU
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
North Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
South Eastern Europe ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: During history, the main channel of communication and cooperation between countries was through commerce and, consequently, through transport. Among all the transport ways, the maritime transport is the one that offers the best cost – benefits ratio. This article is addressed to all the people involved or interested in the economic and military fields and aims to highlight the importance of the Black Sea and North Sea connecting corridor in ensuring peace and stability in Europe in general and in South-Eastern Europe in special. To achieve this goal, we will review the historical conflicts among European countries for waterway control and make a descriptive analysis of the stability situation in the areas affected by them. Furthermore, using the hypothetical-deductive method, we will highlight the manner in which the connection of the Black Sea with the North Sea has influenced economic and military exchanges between riparian states and the impact on stability across European continent. At the end of the article, we will show how economic and military stability in south-eastern Europe is influenced and threatened by geopolitical changes in the wider Black Sea region and how this stability can be maintained and strengthened due to the great possibilities for economic cooperation among the countries of Western and South-Eastern Europe. The novelty of this approach is that it aims to analyze the importance of the Black Sea-North Sea channel in the context of fundamental changes in the politico-military situation in South-East Europe, generated by the expansion of the Russian Federation and the conflict between Turkey and Greece, NATO member countries.

scholarly journals The Problem of Illegal Emigration of the Mennonites of the Black Sea Region in the 1920s-1930s (According to the Memoirs of the Families A. Herman and M. Reuter)

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
O.Y. Redkinа ◽  
T.P. Nazarova
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Far East ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Support Mechanism ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
The Far East

The article discusses the causes of illegal emigration of the Mennonites from the Black Sea region, identifies the main routes and shows the role of Mennonite mutual aid in the implementation in the 1920s-1930s. Mennonite memoirs show that the main causes of emigration were repressions against the wealthy layers of the village, the anti-religious struggle that affected wide circles of Mennonites. Young Mennonites suffered from the inability to obtain a higher or secondary specialized education, while maintaining their religious beliefs; they were afraid to be arrested as members of the families of the anti-Soviet element. The main routes of illegal emigration passed through the western regions of Russia to the Baltic countries, to Poland and Germany; through Central Asia to China, through Transcaucasia to Turkey and Iran, through the Far East to China and further to the countries of North and South America, to Germany. The Far East was the most successful channel of illegal mass emigration in the region of Blagoveshchensk, where refugees were supported by local Mennonite communities, the Harbin Refugee Assistance Committee, Protestant missionaries, the German consulate in China, and co-religionists in the United States and Canada. Mutual assistance at the interpersonal level, as well as between relatives and communities in different regions, continued to play the role of an effective support mechanism, maintaining ties within the Mennonite community.

scholarly journals CAN TURKISH AND US CO-OPERATION IN THE BLACK SEA REGION INCREASE EFFICIENCY GAINS?

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-49
Author(s):  
Sedat AYBAR
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Efficiency Gains ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

This paper examines the impact of co-operation between Turkey and  the US upon Turkish trade and investments towards the Black Sea  region. The study is particularly important in the conjuncture of the  US withdrawal from the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and in the wake of signing a free  trade agreement with the EU. An additional matter of importance  relates to the improved Turkey – Russia economic collaboration especially after the “jet” incident and American  involvement with the Middle East. Significant part of the latter is  economic as the US has also explicit economic interests in the  Eastern Meditteranean. A gravity model has been employed using  ordinary least squares on a panel data with fixed effects to analyse aggregate trade. We have also categorized export groups of  Turkey and the US separately. Our findings for both Turkish and the US exports indicate that per-capita GDP of Black Sea countries are  highly persistent and positively correlated with increased efficiency  gains and trade volumes. Regression results show that the US  exports to the EU member countries are on average less than to  those non-EU member Black Sea countries. Hence, we question  whether a possible co-operation between the US and Turkish  companies can help gaining better access to the Black Sea market for their exports.

scholarly journals The Impact of European Environmental Policies on Energy Prices. Possible Solutions in the Black Sea Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioan-Cătălin Murărașu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Spot Price ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Impact

Even if in Europe the costs of the transition to a green economy are reflected in the final consumer’s bills and in the prices of finished products - an effect already felt in the Community - the necessity to clean up the economy cannot be disputed. However, Europeans need to determine if the priority is to give up conventional energy or to develop the green energy production, because it is becoming increasingly clear that the two objectives cannot be achieved simultaneously without affecting the purchasing power of Europeans. Within this context, the study involves: a) the statistical analysis of the impact of the conventional energy overtaxation and the renewable energy subsidization on the average price charged by suppliers for final consumers on the Romanian market in the first three quarters of 2021 and b) to identify the correlation coefficient between the spot price for energy on the Romanian market and the share of renewable energy in the national mix for the same period. The objective of the research is to assess the costs paid by the final consumers within the context of the energy transition and the production capacity of renewable sources that must be added to the National Energy System for their amortization. The results show the importance of the Black Sea basin in the regional energy equation and its potential to become a point of attraction for European energy investments.

scholarly journals “THE SILENT THREAT” – CHINA’S GEOPOLITICAL “GAME” IN THE BLACK SEA REGION

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (72) ◽  
pp. 250-273
Author(s):  
Alba Iulia Catrinel
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
Strategic Cooperation ◽  
Belt And Road

Since the 2000s, China has become an increasingly visible presence in Europe. In the last 20 years, China has signed an extended strategic partnership with the European Union,developed the 17 + 1 platform, of strategic cooperation with the Eastern European corridor states, invested heavily in the European economy and diversified its soft-power means of action. In this context, the states of the Black Sea region are implicitly targeted by China's interests and actions. How large is China's presence in the Black Sea region? What are the objectives of China's geopolitical game in the Black Sea region? Do they belong to an independent game?Or are they part of a much more complex strategy, which aims at a major reconfiguration of global spheres of influence?Keywords: Black Sea region, China, 17 + 1 format, Belt and Road Initiative, Ukraine, Georgia,Danube estuary, Chinese "belt" of the Black Sea.

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