Doveweed (Murdannia nudiflora) Response to Environmental Resource Availability and Cultural Practices

Weed Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey L. Atkinson ◽  
Lambert B. McCarty ◽  
Fred Yelverton ◽  
Scott McElroy ◽  
William C. Bridges
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Interspecies Competition ◽  
Environmental Resource ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Murdannia Nudiflora

AbstractSusceptibility of a system to colonization by a weed is in part a function of environmental resource availability. Doveweed [Murdannia nudiflora(L.) Brenan] can establish in a variety of environments; however, it is found mostly in wet or low-lying areas with reduced interspecies competition. Four studies evaluated the effect of mowing height, interspecies competition, and nitrogen, light, and soil moisture availability onM. nudifloraestablishment and growth. A field study evaluated the effect of mowing height onM. nudifloraestablishment. In comparison with unmowed plots, mowing at 2 and 4 cm reduced spread 46% and 30%, respectively, at 9 wk after planting. Effect of mowing height and nitrogen fertilization on ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylonBurtt-Davy×C. transvaalensisL. Pers.) andM. nudiflorainterspecies competition was evaluated in a greenhouse trial.Murdannia nudifloracoverage was 62% greater in flats maintained at 2.6 cm than flats maintained at 1.3 cm. Supplemental application of 49 kg N ha−1mo−1increasedM. nudifloracoverage 75% in comparison with 24.5 kg N ha−1mo−1. A difference inM. nudifloracoverage could not be detected between flats receiving 0 and 24.5 kg N ha−1mo−1, suggesting moderate nitrogen fertilization does not encourageM. nudifloracolonization. Effect of light availability onM. nudifloragrowth and development was evaluated in a greenhouse study. Growth in a 30%, 50%, or 70% reduced light environment (RLE) did not affect shoot growth on a dry weight basis in comparison with plants grown under full irradiance; however, internode length was 28% longer in a 30% RLE and 39% longer in a 50% and 70% RLE. Effect of soil moisture onM. nudifloragrowth and development was evaluated in a greenhouse study. Plants maintained at 50%, 75%, and 100% field capacity (FC) increased biomass>200% compared with plants maintained at 12.5% or 25% FC.

GERMINATION AND SURVIVAL OF COLORADO SPRUCE, SCOTS PINE, CARAGANA, AND SIBERIAN ELM AT FOUR SALINITY AND TWO MOISTURE LEVELS

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. E. Werkhoven ◽  
P. J. Salisbury ◽  
W. H. Cram
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Coniferous Species ◽  
Picea Pungens ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Caragana Arborescens ◽  
Wilting Point

In a greenhouse study, salinity levels of ECe = 1, 4, 7, and 10 mmhos/cm at 25° were used to test the salinity tolerance of Colorado spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), caragana (Caragana arborescens Lam.), and Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.) seedlings at two levels of soil moisture. Emergence, survival, plant height, and dry-matter yield were used as the response criteria.The deciduous species were more salt-tolerant than the coniferous species. In terms of survival, an ECe value of between 7 and 10 mmhos appeared to be critical for caragana and elm in a soil with a moisture content of about midway between the wilting point and field capacity. The corresponding values for spruce and pine were closer to 4 and 6 mmhos respectively. Seedling survival was markedly improved by maintaining the soil moisture level at field capacity.

Factors Affecting the Suppression of Pea(Pisum sativum)Root Rot(Aphanomyces euteiches)by Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Teasdale ◽  
R. G. Harvey ◽  
D. J. Hagedorn
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Aphanomyces Euteiches ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Maximum Root ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Field and greenhouse studies have shown that dinitroaniline herbicides suppress root rot of peas (Pisum sativumL.) caused by the fungusAphanomyces euteichesDrechs. This investigation was conducted to identify factors which could enhance root rot suppression. In a temperature-soil moisture growth chamber study, dinitroaniline herbicides significantly reduced disease severity symptoms at all temperature and soil moisture regimes except 32 C and 0.75 field capacity. Dinitroaniline herbicides increased pea fresh weight significantly only under those conditions which favored severe disease development. Maximum root rot suppression occurred at 24 C and 1.25 field capacity. In a greenhouse study of the interaction of root rot suppression with pea varieties, dinitroaniline herbicides significantly increased growth of all 12 pea varieties tested including a root rot tolerant wild type of pea. A series of experiments explored the effect of uniformity, time, and depth of dinitroaniline herbicide incorporation on root rot suppression. In greenhouse studies, non-uniform incorporation significantly reduced root rot suppression indicating the need for thorough incorporation to achieve maximum root rot suppression. The combination of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) + oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4dipropylsulfanilamide) was more effective than either trifluralin or oryzalin alone under non-uniform incorporation conditions but not under uniform incorporation conditions. Field studies showed that herbicide incorporation 2 weeks prior to planting may improve pea yield by 1.12 kg/ha of trifluralin or 0.56 + 0.56 kg/ha of trifluralin + oryzalin but not by 0.56 kg/ha of trifluralin. Herbicide incorporation to 15.2 cm rather than the normal 7.6 cm, increased pea yield at the 1.12 kg/ha rate of trifluralin or oryzalin or at 0.56 + 0.56 kg/ha of trifluralin + oryzalin. At the 0.56 kg/ha rate of trifluralin or oryzalin, herbicide dilution offset any benefit from deeper soil incorporation.

PROTOTIPE APLIKASI PENYIRAMAN TANAMAN MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR KELEMBABAN TANAH BERBASIS MICRO CONTOLLER ATMEGA 328

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Rudi Budi Agung ◽  
Muhammad Nur ◽  
Didi Sukayadi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Sensor Development ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Application Systems ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Working Principle

The Indonesian country which is famous for its tropical climate has now experienced a shift in two seasons (dry season and rainy season). This has an impact on cropping and harvesting systems among farmers. In large scale this is very influential considering that farmers in Indonesia are stilldependent on rainfall which results in soil moisture. Some types of plants that are very dependent on soil moisture will greatly require rainfall or water for growth and development. Through this research, researchers tried to make a prototype application for watering plants using ATMEGA328 microcontroller based soil moisture sensor. Development of application systems using the prototype method as a simple method which is the first step and can be developed again for large scale. The working principle of this prototype is simply that when soil moisture reaches a certainthreshold (above 56%) then the system will work by activating the watering system, if it is below 56% the system does not work or in other words soil moisture is considered sufficient for certain plant needs.

Soil Moisture Deficits in South-Central Sweden

1989 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotta Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Interannual Variations ◽  
Neutron Probe ◽  
South Central ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Moisture Fluxes ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Probe Measurements ◽  
Different Parts

Some commonly used assumptions about climatically induced soil moisture fluxes within years and between different parts of a region were challenged with the help of a conceptual soil moisture model. The model was optimised against neutron probe measurements from forest and grassland sites. Five 10 yrs and one 105 yrs long climatic records, from the province of Östergötland, situated in south-central Sweden, were used as driving variables. It was concluded that some of the tested assumptions should not be taken for granted. Among these were the beliefs that interannual variations of soil moisture contents can be neglected in the beginning of the hydrological year and that soils usually are filled up to field capacity after the autumn recharge. The calculated climatic induced dryness was estimated to be rather insensitive to the choice of climatic stations within the region. Monthly ranges of soil moisture deficits (1883-1987) were shown to be skewed and it is therefore recommended to use medians and standard deviations in statistical analyses of “normal” ranges of soil moisture deficits.

Water-Fertilizer Coupling Effects and Efficient Utilization under Peanut-Millet Interplanting Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 742 ◽  
pp. 272-277
Author(s):  
Liang Shan Feng ◽  
Zhan Xiang Sun ◽  
Jia Ming Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Coupling Effect ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Factor Interactions ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

In this study, the results showed that water is the most important factor to affect crop yields and optimum soil moisture is lower under the conditions of peanut-and-millet interplanting. Thus, peanut-and-millet interplanting is generally able to fit most of the semi-arid region. In the interaction of various factors, the coupling effect of water and phosphorus was stronger than the coupling effect of fertilizers, following by the coupling effect of water and nitrogen. Among peanuts factors of water, nitrogen, and multi-factorial interaction of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus, water and nitrogen showed a negative effect, whereas the two-factor interactions had a positive effect. There were some differences between peanut and millet in the need for water and fertilizer, in which peanut required more nitrogen and millet needed slightly higher soil moisture and phosphorus. When other factors were in rich level, both of the optimal value for single factors of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus and the optimal value for two-factor interactions of water-nitrogen, water-phosphorus, and nitrogen-phosphorus, were higher than the optimal value for the interaction of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The tiny demand difference on moisture in peanut-millet interplanting could be compromised by configuring a reasonable interplanting population structure and the corresponding demand difference on fertilizer could be resolved by uneven crop planting strips. Under the condition of water-nitrogen-phosphorus interaction, the soil moisture content optimal for peanut accounted for 57.3% of the field capacity, and the related appropriate application rates of nitrogen and phosphorus were 0.98 g/pot (81.18 kg/hm2) and 0.39g/pot (32.18 kg/hm2), respectively. Likewise, the soil moisture content optimal for millet was 59.1% of the field capacity, and the counterpart appropriate application rates of nitrogen and phosphorus were 0.57 g/pot (47.03 kg/hm2) and 0.45g / pot (37.13 kg/hm2), respectively.

scholarly journals Growth and physiological response of two biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes bred for different environments, to contrasting levels of soil moisture

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Barbanti ◽  
Ahmad Sher ◽  
Giuseppe Di Girolamo ◽  
Elio Cirillo ◽  
Muhammad Ansar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Biomass Sorghum ◽  
Relative Water

A better understanding of plant mechanisms in response to drought is a strong premise to achieving high yields while saving unnecessary water. This is especially true in the case of biomass crops for non-food uses (energy, fibre and forage), grown with limited water supply. In this frame, we investigated growth and physiological response of two genotypes of biomass sorghum (<em>Sorghum bicolor</em> (L.) Moench) to contrasting levels of soil moisture in a pot experiment carried out in a greenhouse. Two water regimes (high and low water, corresponding to 70% and 30% field capacity) were applied to JS-2002 and Trudan-8 sorghum genotypes, respectively bred for dry sub-tropical and mild temperate conditions. Two harvests were carried out at 73 and 105 days after seeding. Physiological traits (transpiration, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance) were assessed in four dates during growth. Leaf water potential, its components and relative water content were determined at the two harvests. Low watering curbed plant height and aboveground biomass to a similar extent (ca. 􀀀70%) in both genotypes. JS-2002 exhibited a higher proportion of belowground to aboveground biomass, <em>i.e</em>., a morphology better suited to withstand drought. Despite this, JS-2002 was more affected by low water in terms of physiology: during the growing season, the average ratio in transpiration, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance between droughty and well watered plants was, respectively, 0.82, 0.80 and 0.79 in JS-2002; 1.05, 1.08 and 1.03 in Trudan-8. Hence Trudan-8 evidenced a ca. 20% advantage in the three traits. In addition, Trudan-8 could better exploit abundant moisture (70% field capacity), increasing aboveground biomass and water use efficiency. In both genotypes, drought led to very low levels of leaf water potential and relative water content, still supporting photosynthesis. Hence, both morphological and physiological characteristics of sorghum were involved in plant adaptation to drought, in accordance with previous results. Conversely, the common assumption that genotypes best performing under wet conditions are less suited to face drought was contradicted by the results of the two genotypes in our experiment. This discloses a potential to be further exploited in programmes of biomass utilization for various end uses, although further evidence at greenhouse and field level is needed to corroborate this finding.

scholarly journals Development, yield and quality attributes of sugarcane cultivars fertigated by subsurface drip irrigation

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
André L. B. de O. Silva ◽  
Regina C. M. Pires ◽  
Rafael V. Ribeiro ◽  
Eduardo C. Machado ◽  
Gabriel C. Blain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Subsurface Drip ◽  
Solids Content

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate the development, yield and quality of four sugarcane cultivars fertigated by subsurface drip system. The experiment was carried out in Campinas-SP, Brazil, from January 2012 to November 2013, with the cultivars SP79-1011, IACSP94-2101, IACSP94-2094 and IACSP95-5000 subjected to daily irrigations. The irrigations depths were applied to bring soil moisture to field capacity. Soil moisture was monitored using soil moisture probes. Samples were collected along the crop cycle in order to evaluate crop development and yield, at the end of the first and second ratoons. Stalk height showed good correlation for the estimation of crop yield, with R2 equal to or higher than 0.96. The cultivar IACSP95-5000 showed the highest yield in the first ratoon. In the second ratoon the highest yield was observed in IACSP94-2101, followed by IACSP95-5000 and SP79-1011. Considering the yield results associated with the technological analysis, such as soluble solids content and apparent sucrose, the cultivar IACSP95-5000 excelled the others in the cultivation under subsurface drip irrigation.

scholarly journals The influence of different moisture contents and nitrogen levels on the formation of empty cavities in cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Elkner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Mechanical Tension ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Empty Cavity

Empty cavities were found already in very young cucumber fruits with diameter 1.5 cm. As the fruit develops the empty cavities augment and the number of fruits showing this defect increases. Low soil moisture and high nitrogen fertilization favour the formation of empty cavities. Their origination and changes were traced with anatomical methods in the course of fruit development. As a most plausible cause of their origination the author considers the enlargement of only part of the cells of the suture between the two (or three) carples. Due to this uneven enlargement of neighbouring cells strong mechanical tension probably arises amoung them, leading to the formation of ruptures separating these cells, consequently causing the separation of the carpel edges. Besides that, some of the cells of the suture which have markedly enlarged, often burst which also contributes to the formation of an empty cavity and enlarges its dimensions.

scholarly journals PENDUGAAN POTENSI PRODUKSI GANDUM (Triticum aestivum L.) DI SULAWESI UTARA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PERANGKAT LUNAK SHIERARY WHEAT VERSI 2.0

EUGENIA ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Johannes E. X. Rogi ◽  
Siska J. Frans
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Nitrogenous Fertilizer ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Hypothetical Data ◽  
Total Input ◽  
Input Model

The demand of wheat increases yearly in Indonesia. Therefore, Indonesia has imported wheat fromoverseas. Agronomically, wheat could be cultivated in Indonesia. Simulation model using ShieraryWheat ver 2.2 software developed by Handoko (1992) will be used in this studi. This software has beenvalidated by Rogi (1996) in several areas in Indonesia. This model has daily resolution which explainsinteraction between growth and development of wheat. Model inputs include weather elements such asradiation, temperature, humidity, wind and rainfall. Soil physical field capacity (water condition in thesoil), characteristic such as field capacity, wilt permanent point, and evaporation together with pH, totalnitrogen were incorporated in the model. Agronomical inputs such as irrigation, nitrogenous fertilizer,ground water and total nitrogen were used as hypothetical data. The research was aiming to assessthe best location and time for cultivated wheat ini North Sulawesi. The result showed that planted timein August had potential high yield followed by January, March, April, May, and Septemnber respectively.The suitable lacations for cultivated wheat in North Sulawesi were Tondano, Langowan, Tompaso,Tompaso Baru, and Kotamobagu. The best potential high yield was found in areas which had optimal ofair temperature and rainfall.Keywords : Wheat, Agronomically, Simulation model, Shierary Wheat Ver 2.0 ABSTRAKKebutuhan gandum yang terus meningkat setiap tahun di Indonesia dipenuhi dengan cara mengimpor,padahal secara agronomis gandum saat ini dapat dibudidayakan di daerah tropis dengan produksi yanglebih tinggi dan waktu panen yang lebih pendek. Penentuan daerah-daerah pengembangan Gandum diIndonesia seperti di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara penting untuk dilakukan dengan menggunakan modelsimulasi. Perangkat lunak Shierary Wheat Ver 2.0 yang dikembangkan Handoko tahun 1992 diMelbourne Australia dan divalidasi oleh Rogi (1996) dan telah dikalibrasi pada berbagai tempat diIndonesia. Model ini mempunyai resolusi harian yang menjelaskan proses interaksi antaraperkembangan dan pertumbuhan tanaman gandum. Input model terdiri dari unsur-unsur cuaca beruparadiasi matahari, suhu udara, kelembaban udara, kecepatan angin, dan curah hujan, sedangkan sifatfisik tanah (kapasitas lapang, titik layu permanen dan parameter evaporasi), serta sifat kimia tanah (pH,nitrogen total). Input agronomis berupa irigasi, pupuk nitrogen, kondisi awal berupa kadar air tanah dannitrogen total menggunakan data asumsi. Sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan waktudan lokasi tanam yang terbaik untuk Tanam Gandum di Sulawesi Utara. Hasil penelitian mendapatkanbahwa Waktu tanam 1 Agustus mempunyai potensi hasil paling baik kemudian berturut-turut Januari,Maret, April, Mei dan September dengan lokasi yang sesuai adalah Tondano, Langowan, Tompaso,Tompaso Baru, dan Kotamobagu.

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