Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Biotypes Exhibit Differential Levels of Susceptibility and Biochemical Responses to Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitors

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 574-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jialin Yu ◽  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Mark A. Czarnota
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Biochemical Responses ◽  
Inhibitor Resistance

AbstractAn annual bluegrass (Poa annuaL.) biotype with limited susceptibility to POST flumioxazin applications was identified in Georgia. The objectives of this research were to quantify tolerance levels of this biotype (R-biotype) to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors and characterize physiological responses to flumioxazin. In dose–response experiments on 3- to 5-tiller plants, flumioxazin and sulfentrazone rates required to reduce dry-shoot biomass 50% from the nontreated were >14.5 and 10.4 times greater for the R-biotype, as compared with a susceptible (S)-biotype, respectively. Establishment of the R-biotype from seed was completely controlled by PRE applications of flumioxazin and oxadiazon, similar to the S-biotype. Tank mixtures of chlorpyrifos with flumioxazin did not enhance biomass reductions of the R-biotype, suggesting that tolerance levels may not be related to cytochrome P450–associated metabolism. In laboratory experiments, the R-biotype averaged 27% less electrolyte leakage, as compared with the S-biotype, after flumioxazin treatments. Lipid peroxidation in the R-biotype, as measured by malondialdehyde levels, averaged 25% less than the S-biotype at 72 h after broadcast flumioxazin treatments at 280 and 560 g ha−1. The tolerance to POST applications of PPO inhibitors in thisP. annuabiotype is associated with less lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage as compared with the S-biotype. These biochemical differences in biotypes may contribute to erratic levels of POST control from flumioxazin and could contribute to PPO-inhibitor resistance.

Flumioxazin Tank-Mixtures with Six Herbicides for Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Control in Bermudagrass

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas V. Reed ◽  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Timothy Grey ◽  
Mark A. Czarnota ◽  
William K. Vencill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
And Control

Flumioxazin is a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor with potential for POST annual bluegrass control and PRE smooth crabgrass control in bermudagrass. However, flumioxazin applications are often less effective in winter, compared with fall, because of reduced efficacy on mature annual bluegrass. The objective of this research was to evaluate tank-mixtures of flumioxazin with six other herbicide mechanisms of action for POST annual bluegrass control in late winter and residual smooth crabgrass control. Flumioxazin at 0 or 0.42 kg ai ha−1was evaluated in combination with flazasulfuron at 0.05 kg ai ha−1, glufosinate at 1.26 kg ai ha−1, glyphosate at 0.42 kg ae ha−1, mesotrione at 0.28 kg ai ha−1, pronamide at 1.68 kg ai ha−1, or simazine at 1.12 kg ai ha−1. Flumioxazin alone controlled annual bluegrass 61 to 70% at 8 wk after treatment (WAT) in three experiments from 2012 to 2014 in central Georgia. Flumioxazin tank-mixed with flazasulfuron, glyphosate, glufosinate, pronamide, and simazine provided good (80 to 89%) to excellent (> 90%) control of annual bluegrass at 8 WAT in 2 of 3 yr. These tank-mixtures were also more effective than flumioxazin alone in 2 of 3 yr, and control was greater or equal to the tank-mix partners applied alone. Treatments that included flumioxazin provided excellent (≥ 90%) control of smooth crabgrass at 6 mo after treatment in all 3 yr. Overall, tank-mixing flumioxazin with other herbicide chemistries may improve POST annual bluegrass control, compared with exclusive treatments, and effectively control smooth crabgrass in bermudagrass.

scholarly journals ALS–Resistant Annual Sedge (Cyperus compressus) Confirmed in Turfgrass

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Jialin Yu ◽  
J. Scott McElroy ◽  
S. Chen ◽  
H. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Als Inhibitors ◽  
Inhibitor Resistance ◽  
Als Inhibitor

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors are widely used for POST control of sedges in turfgrass. A suspected resistant (R) biotype of annual sedge was collected from a bermudagrass turf in Georgia with a history of exclusive use of halosulfuron. Research was conducted to evaluate the resistance level of this biotype to halosulfuron, efficacy of ALS-inhibiting herbicides and other mechanisms of action for control, and the molecular and physiological basis for resistance. In greenhouse experiments, the halosulfuron rate required to reduce shoot biomass 50% in comparison with the nontreated at 8 wk after treatment (WAT) were 8 and > 1,120 g ai ha−1for the S (susceptible) and R biotypes, respectively. Imazapic, sulfosulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron reduced biomass of the S biotype greater than 60% at 8 WAT, but biomass was reduced less than 20% for the R biotype. Glufosinate, glyphosate, MSMA, and sulfentrazone reduced shoot biomass of the R biotype by 93, 86, 97, and 45%, respectively. In laboratory experiments, the halosulfuron concentration required to inhibit ALS activity by 50% in excised leaf tissues was 5.8 and > 1,000 μM for the S and R biotypes, respectively. Gene sequencing of the R biotype revealed a Pro-197-Ser substitution that confers resistance to ALS inhibitors. This is the first report of ALS-inhibitor resistance in annual sedge and herbicide resistance in a sedge species from a turfgrass system.

scholarly journals Short-term physiological responses to copper stress in Salvinia auriculata Aubl.

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andresa Lana Thomé Bizzo ◽  
Aline Chaves Intorne ◽  
Pollyana Honório Gomes ◽  
Marina Satika Suzuki ◽  
Bruno dos Santos Esteves
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigments ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Copper Stress ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Chlorophyll B

AIM: To evaluate, in a short-time exposure, the physiological responses of Salvinia auriculata Aubl. under different concentrations of Cu. METHODS: The plants were exposed to treatments with 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mM of Cu in a period of 2 days. Then development variables of S. auriculata (weight, photosynthetic pigments, and soluble carbohydrate), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, aldehydes, and electrolyte leakage) and production of antioxidants (anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoids, and proline) were evaluated. RESULTS: It was observed fresh weight reductions in concentrations above 1 mM of Cu. Chlorophyll a decreased with the increase of Cu concentrations unlike chlorophyll b. The ratio chlorophyll a / chlorophyll b was changed due to the degradation of photosynthetic pigments. The reductions of carotenoids were more pronounced than that of total chlorophyll. The values of electrolyte leakage ranged from 14 to 82 % and lipid peroxidation from 7 to 46 nmol.g-1. Flavonoids and soluble carbohydrates showed reductions with the increase of Cu concentration. Anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, and proline when subjected to 0.1 mM of Cu had increased, suggesting adaptability of plant stress caused directly by metal and reactive oxygen species. In higher concentrations, degradation and/or direct modifications of these molecules possibly occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that S. auriculata is provided with an efficient mechanism against stress caused by Cu in the concentration of 0.1 mM. As for higher concentrations (1 and 10 mM), despite its role as micronutrients, Cu was toxic to the plant due to the redox behavior of this metal, which leads to the exacerbated formation of reactive oxygen species, inducing to severe damage such as biological membrane degradation and protein denaturation.

First Report of ACCase-Resistant Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) in the United States

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Jialin Yu ◽  
Paul L. Raymer ◽  
Zhengbeng Chen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
First Report ◽  
Inhibitor Resistance

A goosegrass biotype with suspected resistance to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors was identified in Georgia. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the resistance level of this biotype to ACCase inhibitors, efficacy of various herbicide mechanisms of action for control, and the physiological and molecular basis of resistance. In greenhouse experiments, the rate of diclofop-methyl that reduced dry shoot biomass 50% (SR50) from the nontreated for the resistant (R) and susceptible (S) biotypes measured 4,100 and 221 g ai ha−1, respectively. The SR50for sethoxydim measured 615 and 143 g ai ha−1for the R and S biotype, respectively. The R biotype was cross resistant to clethodim, fenoxaprop, and fluazifop. The R and S biotypes were equally susceptible to foramsulfuron, glyphosate, monosodium methylarsenate (MSMA), and topramezone. In laboratory experiments, the two biotypes had similar foliar absorption of14C-diclofop-methyl. Both biotypes metabolized14C-diclofop-methyl to diclofop acid and a polar conjugate, but the R biotype averaged ∼2 times greater metabolism than the S biotype. Gene sequencing revealed an Asp-2078-Gly substitution in the ACCase of the R biotype that has previously conferred resistance to ACCase inhibitors. A second mutation was identified in the R biotype that yielded a Thr-1805-Ser substitution that has been previously reported, but is not associated with ACCase resistance in other species. Thus, the Asp-2078-Gly substitution is the basis for resistance to ACCase inhibitors for the R biotype. This is the first report of ACCase-inhibitor resistance in goosegrass from the United States and from a turfgrass system.

Nitrogen Influences Bispyribac-Sodium Efficacy and Metabolism in Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) and Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera)

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-390
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Stephen E. Hart ◽  
Thomas Gianfagna ◽  
Fabio Chaves
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Sodium Metabolism ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted in New Jersey to investigate the influence of nitrogen on annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass metabolism and responses to bispyribac-sodium. In field experiments, withholding nitrogen during the test period increased sensitivity of both grasses to bispyribac-sodium, and grasses fertilized biweekly had darker color on most rating dates. Nitrogen generally increased annual bluegrass tolerance to bispyribac-sodium at 74 g ha−1but not at 148 g ha−1. Creeping bentgrass was influenced by nitrogen at both herbicide rates. In laboratory experiments, weekly nitrogen treatments increased14C-bispyribac-sodium metabolism in both grasses compared to unfertilized plants. Annual bluegrass metabolized approximately 50% less herbicide regardless of nitrogen regime compared to creeping bentgrass. Overall, routine nitrogen fertilization appears to improve annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass tolerance to bispyribac-sodium, which may be attributed to higher metabolism.

Selectivity of Methiozolin for Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Control in Creeping Bentgrass as Influenced by Temperature and Application Timing

Weed Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Diego Gómez de Barreda ◽  
Jialin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Initial Treatment ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Poor Control ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Treated Leaf

Methiozolin controls annual bluegrass in creeping bentgrass but application timing and temperature could influence efficacy in turf. In field experiments, sequential methiozolin applications totaling 3.36 kg ai ha−1provided excellent (> 90%) annual bluegrass control at 8 wk after initial treatment when treatments were initiated in February/March or May but programs totaling 0.84 and 1.68 kg ha−1provided poor control (< 70%) at both timings. Methiozolin at all rates caused minimal turf injury (< 8%) but creeping bentgrass was only injured from February/March applications. In growth chamber experiments, creeping bentgrass injury from methiozolin at 10 C was 2 and 4 times greater than at 20 C and 30 C, respectively, while annual bluegrass injury was similar across temperatures. In laboratory experiments, annual bluegrass had more foliar absorption of14C-methiozolin than creeping bentgrass at 30/25 C (day/night), compared to 15/10 C, but translocation was similar at both temperatures as > 90% of absorbed14C remained in the treated leaf after 72 h. Annual bluegrass distributed and recovered more radioactivity to shoots from root-applied14C-methiozolin than creeping bentgrass while both species had about 2 times more distribution to shoots at 30/25 C than 15/10 C. Metabolites were not detected in annual bluegrass or creeping bentgrass at 1, 3, or 7 d after treatment when grown at 15/10 C or 30/25 C suggesting uptake and translocation contributes to methiozolin selectivity in turfgrass.

scholarly journals First Report of Pronamide-Resistant Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua)

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Jialin Yu ◽  
Mark A. Czarnota
Keyword(s):  
Hydroponic Culture ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
First Report ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Shoot Mass

A biotype of annual bluegrass with suspected resistance to pronamide was collected from a golf course in Georgia. The objectives of this research were to determine the level of resistance to pronamide and the mechanisms associated with resistance. From POST applications, the pronamide rate that reduced shoot biomass 50% from the nontreated bluegrass measured>10 times higher for the resistant (R) biotype as compared with susceptible (S) biotypes. The R biotype was not controlled by PRE applications of dithiopyr or prodiamine, but was controlled >92% by PRE applications of pronamide at 0.56 and 1.68 kg ha−1. Mature plants (3- to 5-tiller) of the R biotype absorbed 32% less [14C]pronamide than the S biotype after 72 h in hydroponic culture and accumulated 39% less radioactivity per gram basis of dry shoot mass. The R biotype metabolized [14C]pronamide similar to the S biotype, averaging 16% of the extracted radioactivity. The resistance to POST pronamide applications in the R biotype is associated with reduced absorption and translocation compared with the S biotype.

scholarly journals Morphological and Physiological Responses of Seashore Paspalum and Bermudagrass to Waterlogging Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 144 (5) ◽  
pp. 305-313
Author(s):  
Bo Xiao ◽  
David Jespersen
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Root Respiration ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Seashore Paspalum ◽  
Waterlogging Stress ◽  
Turf Quality

Turfgrasses have varying tolerance to waterlogging conditions. The objective of this study was to identify important root traits and physiological responses to waterlogging stress in seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) and bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.). After being exposed to waterlogging conditions for 28 days, turf quality, leaf photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance (gS), and root fresh weight were significantly decreased in bermudagrass, and root lipid peroxidation was significantly increased. However, seashore paspalum was found to be more tolerant to waterlogging conditions and changes in turf quality, photosynthesis, or lipid peroxidation were not seen. The waterlogging treatments increased specific root length (SRL), surface area, and volume and decreased root respiration and diameter to a greater extent in seashore paspalum compared with bermudagrass. Under waterlogging conditions, root aerenchyma formation was found in both seashore paspalum and bermudagrass, but to a greater extent in seashore paspalum. Both grasses exhibited significant increases in root water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) but to a lesser extent in seashore paspalum than in bermudagrass. Shoot WSC remained unchanged in seashore paspalum but was significantly increased in bermudagrass. These results indicate greater root morphological changes such as root volume, SRL, and root porosity, as well as lower root respiration may be important contributors to waterlogging tolerance for seashore paspalum.

scholarly journals Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC responses to water restriction

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-237
Author(s):  
Francine Falcão de Macedo Nava ◽  
Vilson Conrado da Luz ◽  
Lucas Antonio Stempkowski ◽  
Lenir Fátima Gotz ◽  
Fabiana Tonial ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Baccharis Trimera ◽  
Harsh Conditions

Climate change can cause imbalances in plants. Baccharis trimera is a specie usually found in harsh conditions and has medicinal and agricultural properties. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the biochemical and physiological responses of this plant under water restriction (WR) levels. B. trimera samples were identified and collected in Erechim/RS and propagated in a greenhouse. When acclimated, they were subjected to 0, 25, 75 and 100% WR, determined according to the water saturation in the soil by capillary action. After 30 days of treatment, the physiological responses: growth, and fresh and dry biomass; and the biochemical responses: activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GP) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes, proline, protein and hydrogen peroxide content, and lipid peroxidation, were determined. Data were submitted to regression analysis and Pearson correlation. The WR of 27.37%, on average, induced an increase in physiological parameters, but the root growth was impaired in conditions above 50% of WR. With the increase in WR there was an increase in the activity of SOD in the shoot and APX in the root. In low WR conditions, proline contents were maintained. Therefore, with low levels of WR, around 27%, B. trimera has increase in root growth and root and shoot biomass. Proline, and SOD and APX activity are a pathway that scavenging the stress generated by WR on B. trimera.

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