Water availability influences the inhibitory effects of mustard seed meal on Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and Verticillium dahliae

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 756-763
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Wood ◽  
Brian J. Schutte ◽  
Ivette Guzman ◽  
Soum Sanogo
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Saturated Soil ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Chile Pepper ◽  
Water Potentials

AbstractPalmer amaranth, an annual weed, and Verticillium dahliae, a fungal pathogen, can substantially reduce chile pepper yield. On the basis of the results of this study, we clarified implementation strategies for a potential management tactic for Palmer amaranth and V. dahliae in chile pepper: mustard seed meal (MSM). The objectives were to (1) determine MSM effects on Palmer amaranth seedbanks under different moisture levels, (2) measure glucosinolate degradation in soil hydrated to saturation and field capacity, and (3) determine the effects of decreasing moisture availability on MSM control of Palmer amaranth and V. dahliae. To address objective 1, seedbanks with and without MSM were hydrated to levels expected to both inhibit and promote germination (flooded, saturated, −0.03, −0.6 MPa, respectively). For objective 2, soil columns with MSM were held at different moisture levels and sampled over time. For objective 3, Palmer amaranth seeds were incubated with and without MSM, and with polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions comprising a range of water potentials (0, −0.03, −0.6, −1.0, and −2.0 MPa). These PEG solutions were also used to hydrate MSM in agar plates with plugs of V. dahliae. All experiments were performed in growth chambers with temperatures and light conditions conducive to Palmer amaranth germination and V. dahliae mycelial growth. MSM-induced mortality in Palmer amaranth seedbanks was greater in soil at field capacity than in saturated soil and flooded soil; however, rates of glucosinolate degradation were greatest in saturated soil. Decreasing water availability progressively decreased the efficacy of MSM on Palmer amaranth because MSM was ineffective on nongerminated seeds. When incubated with PEG solutions with water potentials of 0, −0.03, and −0.6 MPa, MSM stopped growth of V. dahliae; however, MSM-induced control of V. dahliae was reduced by water potentials of −1.0 and −2.0 MPa. The results of this study indicate soils hydrated to field capacity maximize MSM-induced control of Palmer amaranth and V. dahliae.

scholarly journals Chile Pepper Sensitivity to Mustard Seed Meal Applied after Crop Emergence

HortScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-260
Author(s):  
Asmita Nagila ◽  
Brian J. Schutte ◽  
Soum Sanogo ◽  
Omololu John Idowu
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Chile Pepper ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Pepper Plants

When applied before crop emergence, soil amendments with mustard seed meal (MSM) control some weeds and soilborne pathogens. MSM applications after crop emergence (herein “postemergence applications”) might be useful components of agricultural pest management programs, but research on postemergence applications of MSM is limited. The overall objective of this investigation was to develop a method for postemergence application of MSM that does not cause irrecoverable injury or yield loss in chile pepper (Capsicum annuum). To accomplish this objective, we conducted a sequence of studies that evaluated different MSM rates and application methods in the greenhouse and field. For the greenhouse study, we measured chile plant photosynthetic and growth responses to MSM applied postemergence on the soil surface or incorporated into soil. For the field study, we determined chile pepper fruit yield responses to MSM applied postemergence using a technique based on the method developed in greenhouse, and we confirmed that the MSM rates used in our study (4400 kg·ha−1 and 2200 kg·ha−1) inhibited the emergence of the weed Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and the growth of the pathogen Phytophthora capsici, which are common problems in chile pepper production in New Mexico. Greenhouse study results indicated that MSM at 4400 kg·ha−1 spread on the soil surface caused irrecoverable injury to chile pepper plants; however, chile pepper plants were not permanently injured by the following three treatments: 1) MSM at 4400 kg·ha−1 incorporated into soil, 2) MSM at 2200 kg·ha−1 spread on the soil surface, and 3) MSM at 2200 kg·ha−1 incorporated into soil. For the field study, postemergence, soil-incorporated applications of MSM at 4400 kg·ha−1 suppressed emergence of Palmer amaranth by 89% and reduced mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsica by 96%. Soil-incorporated applications of MSM at 2200 kg·ha−1 suppressed emergence of Palmer amaranth by 41.5% and reduced mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsica by 71%. Postemergence soil-incorporated applications of MSM did not reduce chile pepper yield compared with the control. The results of this study indicated that MSM applied after crop emergence and incorporated into soil can be a component of pest management programs for chile pepper.

Evaluation of Oriental Mustard (Brassica juncea) Seed Meal for Weed Suppression in Turf

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel T. Earlywine ◽  
Reid J. Smeda ◽  
Travis C. Teuton ◽  
Carl E. Sams ◽  
Xi Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Oriental Mustard ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Oriental mustard seed meal (MSM), a byproduct generated by pressing the seed for oil, exhibits herbicidal properties. In turfgrass, soil fumigants such as methyl bromide are used to control weeds prior to renovation of turf. Environmental concerns have resulted in deregistration of methyl bromide, prompting the need for alternatives. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of MSM on the establishment of selected turfgrass weeds as well as inhibitory effects on establishment of desirable turfgrasses. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 at the University of Missouri. MSM was amended in soil at 0, 1,350 (low), 2,350 (medium), and 3,360 kg ha−1(high) concentrations. Weed species included annual bluegrass, large crabgrass, buckhorn plantain, white clover, and common chickweed. Turfgrass species included: Rembrandt tall fescue, Evening Shade perennial rye, and Riviera bermudagrass. All species were seeded into soil amended with MSM and either tarped or left untarped. All treatments were compared to dazomet (392 kg ha−1), a synthetic standard. Plant counts and biomass of all species were recorded 4 wk after seeding. Overall, tarped treatments suppressed weed emergence 27 to 50% more compared to untarped treatments, except for large crabgrass. High rates of MSM suppressed emergence of all weeds ≥ 63%. Compared to the untreated control, the density of buckhorn plantain, white clover, and common chickweed was reduced by ≥ 42% at low rates of MSM. Biomass of buckhorn plantain, annual bluegrass, common chickweed, white clover, and large crabgrass was reduced from 37 to 99% at high rates of MSM. MSM at high rates reduced stand counts of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass up to 81% and 77% respectively, compared to the untreated control. Regardless of MSM rates or tarping, suppression of common bermudagrass emergence did not exceed 30%; tarped treatments actually increased bermudagrass emergence by 22%. The biomass for tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and bermudagrass was reduced by 85, 68, and 10%, respectively, at high rates of MSM. For tall fescue, MSM at all rates strongly suppressed seed germination by 7 d after planting (DAP) (up to 100%), with additional germination observed through 14 DAP, but not thereafter. In both trials, dazomet completely suppressed emergence of all weeds. MSM appears to suppress emergence and growth of a number of weeds common in turf, with potential selectivity for bermudagrass.

MITIGATION YIELD SCALED METHANE EMISSION FROM RICE GROWN IN WATER STRESS CONDITIONS WITH BIOCHAR AND SILICATE AMENDMENTS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD ASLAM ALI ◽  
SANJIT CHANDRA BARMAN ◽  
MD. ASHRAFUL ISLAM KHAN ◽  
MD. BADIUZZAMAN KHAN ◽  
HAFSA JAHAN HIYA
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Saturated Soil ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Standing Water ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

Climate change and water scarcity may badly affect existing rice production system in Bangladesh. With a view to sustain rice productivity and mitigate yield scaled CH4 emission in the changing climatic conditions, a pot experiment was conducted under different soil water contents, biochar and silicate amendments with inorganic fertilization (NPKS). In this regard, 12 treatments combinations of biochar, silicate and NPKS fertilizer along with continuous standing water (CSW), soil saturation water content and field capacity (100% and 50%) moisture levels were arranged into rice planted potted soils. Gas samples were collected from rice planted pots through Closed Chamber technique and analyzed by Gas Chromatograph. This study revealed that seasonal CH4 emissions were suppressed through integrated biochar and silicate amendments with NPKS fertilizer (50–75% of the recommended doze), while increased rice yield significantly at different soil water contents. Biochar and silicate amendments with NPKS fertilizer (50% of the recommended doze) increased rice grain yield by 10.9%, 18.1%, 13.0% and 14.2%, while decreased seasonal CH4 emissions by 22.8%, 20.9%, 23.3% and 24.3% at continuous standing water level (CSW) (T9), at saturated soil water content (T10), at 100% field capacity soil water content (T11) and at 50% field capacity soil water content (T12), respectively. Soil porosity, soil redox status, SOC and free iron oxide contents were improved with biochar and silicate amendments. Furthermore, rice root oxidation activity (ROA) was found more dominant in water stress condition compared to flooded and saturated soil water contents, which ultimately reduced seasonal CH4 emissions as well as yield scaled CH4 emission. Conclusively, soil amendments with biochar and silicate fertilizer may be a rational practice to reduce the demand for inorganic fertilization and mitigate CH4 emissions during rice cultivation under water stress drought conditions.

scholarly journals Heliotropism and water availability effects on flowering dynamics and seed production in Macroptilium lathyroides

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Martins dos Santos ◽  
Luis Mauro Gonçalves Rosa ◽  
Lucia Brandão Franke ◽  
Carlos Nabinger
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Leaf Movements ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Macroptilium Lathyroides ◽  
Response To Water

The experiment was carried out in pots in a glasshouse, with one plant per pot and nine repetitions per treatment. The treatments consisted of free or restricted leaves, submited to 90-100% or 60-70% soil field capacity (FC). Only independent effects of water availability or leaf movement were observed on yield components. Plants under well-watered conditions and with freely orienting leaves were taller, and had a larger number of ramifications. The greater development favored the setting of a higher number of inflorescences per plant in these treatments. This behavior resulted in a high number of flowers, green and mature legumes per plant, thus resulting in high seed production which was the most evident response to water availability. Although individual seed weight was higher in the water stress treatment, total seed production was higher for well-watered plants, with no statistically significant effect of leaf movements.

scholarly journals First Record of Verticillium dahliae on Potato in Malta

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 1108-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Pace-Lupi ◽  
A. Porta-Puglia ◽  
A. Ippolito ◽  
F. Nigro
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
First Record ◽  
Commonwealth Mycological Institute ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Apparent Difference ◽  
Potato Dextrose Broth

Potato is an important and highly valued crop throughout the Maltese Archipelago. Much of the production is exported to Holland. In January 2005, minor wilts and chlorosis of potato plants were observed in a field at Hal-Farrug, Luqa (Malta). Verticillium dahliae Kleb (1) was isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) from vascular tissue excised from the base of the plants. Three different isolates were obtained, all of which were typically distinguished by verticillately shaped conidiophores and the abundant production of microsclerotia on PDA. In May 2005, colonies of these three isolates were cultured in potato dextrose broth (PDB), from which conidial suspensions of each isolate were prepared with sterile distilled water to a concentration of 107 ml-1. For each isolate, 10 7-day-old potato seedlings were inoculated via root immersion in the inoculum suspension and transplanted to 20-cm diameter plastic pots containing a soil/peat mixture (1:1 [v/v]). Seedlings treated in the same way with sterile distilled water were used as a control. All plants were kept under controlled glasshouse conditions (20 ± 3°C) and watered to field capacity as required. Minor chlorosis and wilt of the pair of lower-most leaves was noted 7 days after inoculation. During subsequent weeks, wilt began to appear in the typical half-leaf form, while chlorosis was noted on all organs of the plants, including the principal stem (3). Symptoms were absent on the control plants. Measuring the weight of the new tubers produced by each plant revealed no apparent difference between inoculated and healthy plants; nevertheless, inoculated plants resulted in more tubers with a smaller diameter in respect to those of the uninoculated plants. V. dahliae was never isolated from tubers. Little to no variation in symptom severity was noted among plants inoculated with the three individual isolates. At the end of June, V. dahliae was reisolated on PDA from all inoculated plants, in particular, from vascular tissues originating from principal and lateral stems, crowns, and roots. All attempts to isolate the pathogen from control plants were unsuccessful. Molecular detection of the pathogen by using species-specific primers and real-time Scorpion PCR (2) confirmed the results obtained by the classical isolation method. The low symptom severity observed by the growers in the field, usually mistaken for normal dieback of aged plants, might explain why V. dahliae was never reported before on potatoes in the Maltese Archipelago. References: (1) D. L. Hawksworth and P. W. Talboys. No. 256. Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. Commonwealth Mycological Institute (CMI), Kew, Surrey, UK, 1970. (2) F. Nigro et al. Pages 454–461 in: Proc. Convegno Internazionale di Olivicoltura. VI Giornate Scientifiche SOI, Spoleto, 2002. (3) W. R. Stevenson et al., eds. Compendium of Potato Diseases. 2nd ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 2001.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Vegetative Growth, Chemical Composition, and Antioxidant Capacity of Essential Oil of Peppermint Under Water Regimes

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Diogo Mendes da Silva ◽  
Suzan Kelly Vilela Bertolucci ◽  
Smail Aazza ◽  
Alexandre Alves de Carvalho ◽  
Simony Carvalho Mendonça ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Mentha Piperita

The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the vegetative growth of Mentha piperita L. cultivated under different water availability, as well its influence in content, chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of its essential oil. Plants were propagated by mother plants microcutting and scions were transplanted to 5 L pots with soil and cattle manure. Afterward, were kept at field capacity for 30 days and under treatment for 40 days. It was treated with different levels of water deficit treatments: (T1): 100 of field capacity (FC); (T2): 80 of FC; (T3): 60 of FC; (T4) 40 of FC with 5 blocks. Vegetative growth was evaluated by dry matter contents of all part of plants and by root/aerial rate. The essential oil of the leaves was extracted by hydrodistillation, analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS and in vitro antioxidant potential was evaluated. A significant decrease in the dry matter of leaves and stems accompanied with a decrease in the roots dry matter was observed with an increase in the water stress. Quantitative chemical differences were observed in the chemical composition of the essential oil, according water availability. Total antioxidant activity showed a gradual increase as water stress progressed.

Cruciferous Oilseed Proteins: the Protein Bodies of Sinapis alba Seed

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 731 ◽  
Author(s):  
JTO Kirk ◽  
NA Pyliotis
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Protein Body ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Intense Band ◽  
Ungerminated Seed ◽  
Protein Classes

The solubility properties of the proteins of oil-free meal of white mustard seed (S. alba) in various aqueous extraction media are described. Electrophoresis on cellulose acetate of a salt extract of the seed meal at pH 7.0 shows the presence of two positively charged protein bands: a slow moving intense band (I) and a less intense band with higher mobility (II). On the basis of Sephadex G100 chromatography and sedimentation behaviour, these bands are deemed to be identical with the two major protein classes (12 S and 1.7 S, respectively) present in this and other Brassica-related species, as described by other workers. Centrifugation after filtration of a seed meal homogenate yields a preparation that is completely soluble in salt solution, and can be shown by electron microscopy to consist entirely of protein body fragments. Only the 12 S protein can be detected in significant quantity in this preparation: this protein at least we may assume to be present in the aleurone (protein) grains observed in micrographs of the cotyledon cells. In germinating seeds, disappearance of protein bodies is accompanied by a diminution in total salt-soluble protein and in the amounts of the 12 S and 1.7 S proteins, supporting their identification as storage proteins. The rate of utilization is the same in the light and in the dark. Proteolytic activity was detected in the ungerminated seed. The level of activity was more than sufficient to account for the subsequent observed rate of protein utilization. Proteolytic activity per seed increased by only 40-70% during 4 days germination.

Germination characteristics of several grass species as affected by limiting water potentials imposed through a cracking black clay soil

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
LA Watt
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Exotic Grasses ◽  
Germination Ecology ◽  
Black Clay ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Germination Characteristics ◽  
Wilting Point

The effects of limiting water potentials on the germination characteristics of 12 grasses were studied. Germination proper was prevented in all species at water potentials well short of wilting point and different species had their germination prevented at different potentials. Generally the native grasses required wetter conditions to germinate than the exotic grasses, although there were some exceptions. A partial germination condition, caused by limited water availability, occurred to differing degrees amongst the species. Some species retained their viability when desiccated in the partially germinated condition, but other species lost their viability. The partial germination phenomenon appears important to the germination ecology of some species but not to others.

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