Effect of Bicyclopyrone on Triploid Watermelon in Plasticulture

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew B. Bertucci ◽  
Katherine M. Jennings ◽  
David W. Monks ◽  
David L. Jordan ◽  
Jonathan R. Schultheis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Fruit Number ◽  
Triploid Watermelon ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

AbstractField studies were conducted to determine watermelon tolerance and yield response when treated with bicyclopyrone preplant (PREPLANT), POST, and POST-directed (POST-DIR). Treatments consisted of two rates of bicyclopyrone (37.5 and 50 g ai ha–1), fomesafen (175 g ai ha–1), S-metolachlor (802 g ai ha–1), and a nontreated check. Preplant treatments were applied to formed beds 1 d prior to transplanting and included bicyclopyrone (37.5 and 50 g ha–1) and fomesafen (175 g ha–1), and new polyethylene mulch was subsequently laid above treated beds. POST and POST-DIR treatments were applied 14 ± 1 d after watermelon transplanting and included bicyclopyrone (37.5 and 50 g ha–1) POST and POST-DIR, and S-metolachlor (802 g ai ha–1) POST-DIR. POST-DIR treatments were applied to row middles, ensuring that no herbicide contacted watermelon vines or polyethylene mulch. At 2 wk after transplanting (WAT), 15% foliar bleaching was observed in watermelon treated with bicyclopyrone (50 g ha–1) PRE. At 3 WAT, bicyclopyrone (37.5 and 50 g ha–1) POST caused 16% and 17% foliar bleaching and 8% and 9% crop stunting, respectively. At 4 WAT, initial injury had subsided and bicyclopyrone (37.5 and 50 g ha–1) POST caused 4% and 4% foliar bleaching and 4% and 8% crop stunting, respectively. No symptoms of bleaching or stunting were observed at 6- and 8-WAT ratings. Watermelon total yield, marketable yield, total fruit number, marketable fruit number, and average fruit size were unaffected by herbicide treatments. Therefore, registration of bicyclopyrone (37.5 and 50 g ha–1) PREPLANT, POST, and POST-DIR would offer watermelon producers a safe herbicide option and a novel mode of action for weed management.

scholarly journals Plant Spacing and Variety Affect Pumpkin Yield and Fruit Size, but Supplemental Nitrogen Does Not

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1037-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Reiners ◽  
Dale I.M. Riggs
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Fruit Number ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Field studies were conducted at two locations in 1995 to determine the effect of spacing, nitrogen application, and variety on pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) marketable yield. Pumpkin yield was unaffected by three rates of applied N (67, 112, or 157 kg N·ha-1). Marketable fruit number per hectare increased with both 'Howden' and 'Wizard' pumpkins as in-row plant spacing decreased from 1.2 to 0.3 m. Average fruit size significantly decreased at the closer spacing, but the decline in mass was much greater in nonirrigated as compared to irrigated plots. This resulted in a significantly greater yield in the irrigated plots at the closer spacing, while there was no significant increase in yield without irrigation. The results demonstrate that growers may increase the number of fruit per unit area with closer spacing but optimal soil moisture may be a prerequisite for the increase.

scholarly journals Plant Population Affects Yield and Fruit Size of Pumpkin

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1076-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Reiners ◽  
Dale I.M. Riggs
Keyword(s):  
Growth Habit ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Fruit Number ◽  
Row Width

Field studies were conducted in 1996 on two pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) cultivars, `Howden' (vining-type growth habit) and `Wizard' (semi-bush growth habit), at two locations to determine the effect of plant population and row width on marketable yield. Increasing plant populations from 2990 to 8960 plants per hectare resulted in significantly greater fruit number and yield at both locations and for both varieties. Average fruit size declined at the highest populations. Increasing row width from 1.8 to 3.6 m resulted in a slight but significant decrease in number of fruit per hectare with no effect on other yield parameters. At one location, the effect of row width on yield and number of fruit per hectare depended on the population. At low populations, row width did not influence yield or fruit number; at high populations, wide rows produced lower yield and fewer fruit than narrow rows. The results demonstrate that growers may increase pumpkin yield by increasing plant populations but should use narrower row widths and wider in-row spacing. Growers who choose higher populations should ensure that all inputs are optimized to reduce potential plant-to-plant competition and use regionally adapted cultivars.

scholarly journals 546 PB 090 OPTIMIZING TOMATO YIELDS IN HIGH TUNNELS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 509f-509
Author(s):  
Otho S. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Low Input ◽  
High Tunnels ◽  
Comparable Experiment ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Tomato production in high tunnels is very intensive, although relatively low-input. However, optimal use of every square foot of growing space is critical to maximizing returns. Utilizing the basket-weave trellis system, `Ultrasweet' tomatoes were grown in 4 (replicated), 14-foot-wide high tunnels in 4 rows per tunnel at 3.5 ft between rows. In-row spacing of 12, 18, and 24 inches was combined with removal of sideshoots below the first flower cluster: one or three shoots at 18 and 24-inch spacing and none or one at 12-inch spacing. The highest marketable yield per plant was 22 lbs at 24 inches and three sideshoots, while the lowest yield per plant was 13.9 lbs at 12 inches and no sideshoots. The highest yield per sq ft was 4.2 lbs at 12 inches and no sideshoots, while the lowest yield per sq ft was 2.5 lbs at 24 inches and one sideshoot. The yield response to spacing and side-shoot removal was inverse for lbs per plant and lbs per sq ft. There was no difference in fruit size among any of the treatments. In a comparable experiment under field conditions, the highest yield per plant was 12.6 lbs at 24 inches and one sideshoot; and the highest yield per sq ft was 2 lbs at 12 inches and one sideshoot. The percentage of marketable fruit in the tunnels and in the field was 93.0 and 85.1, respectively.

scholarly journals Potassium Application and Leaf Sufficiency Level for Fresh-market Tomatoes Grown on a Midwestern United States Fine-textured Soil

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.G. Taber
Keyword(s):  
Growth Habit ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Size Difference ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Indeterminate Growth Habit ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) response to potassium (K) fertilization on a well-drained, central Iowa loam soil testing low in exchangeable K was evaluated over a 3-year period. Each year the experimental design was a factorial, split-plot randomized complete block with K rate as the whole unit (0 to 332 lb/acre). The subunit was cultivar, either `Mountain Spring' (determinate growth habit) or `Jet Star' (indeterminate growth habit). Fruit harvest began the first week of August and continued weekly for 5 to 8 weeks. For all years there was a significant K rate and cultivar effect for all parameters, but no interaction except for marketable fruit size and unmarketable fruit produced. Increasing the K rate to 103 lb/acre increased fruit size of both cultivars to a maximum of 8.9 oz, but year accounted for greater fruit size difference than the choice of cultivar. Maximum marketable yield for both cultivars occurred at 220 lb/acre K with `Jet Star' producing 13% more fruit than `Mountain Spring', 359 vs. 319 cwt/acre, respectively. Cullage was high, mostly as a result of blotchy ripening disorders, with `Jet Star' consistently producing more culls than `Mountain Spring'. Increasing K rate did not reduce the percentage of culls, which remained constant at about 29% of total yield. Whole-leaf K and leaf petiole sap K levels linearly increased with additional K rate for the two sample periods at flowering and mid-harvest. The whole-leaf K sufficiency level for both cultivars at the flowering stage of growth was determined to be 3.15% and dropped to 1.30% K by mid-harvest. Critical petiole leaf sap K values (using a dilution of 1:1 sap to water) could not be determined at flowering, but at mid-harvest the critical value was about 2200 to 2800 ppm K.

scholarly journals Effect of Shade on Quality of Greenhouse Tomato

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 759A-759
Author(s):  
Martin P.N. Gent*
Keyword(s):  
Light Transmission ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Greenhouse Tomato ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Shade Cloth ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes

Shading a greenhouse increased the fraction of tomatoes that were marketable, and the marketable yield, in a comparison of greenhouse tomato yields across years, in some of which the greenhouses were shaded. In 2003, the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes were compared directly when grown in spring and summer in Connecticut in identical greenhouses that differed only in the degree of shade. Each half of four greenhouses was either unshaded or shaded using reflective aluminized shade cloth rated to reduced light transmission by 15%, 30%, or 50%. Each shade treatment was repeated in two houses. Tomatoes were germinated in February and transplanted in March The houses were shaded when fruit began to ripen in early June. Picking continued through August. The effect of shade on total yield developed gradually. Yields in June were unaffected by shade, but in August yield under no shade was about 30% higher than under 50% shade. In contrast, there was an immediate effect of shade on fruit size. Fruit picked in June from plants under 50% shade was 16% smaller than from plants grown under no shade. This difference declined later in the season, to 6 and 9%, in July and August respectively. The highest yield of marketable fruit in 2003 was picked from houses under no shade, but this was only 10% more than picked from the houses under 50% shade. Shade increased the fraction of marketable fruit, from 54% under no shade to 63% under 50% shade. Certain defects were decreased by shade. For instance the fraction of fruit with cracked skin was decreased from 33% to 25%. In general, effects on fruit quality varied linearly with the degree of applied shade.

scholarly journals Increased Yield of Heat-tolerant Tomatoes with Deep Transplanting, Morning Irrigation, and White Mulch

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.Y. Hanna ◽  
E.P. Millhollon ◽  
J.K. Herrick ◽  
C.L. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Heat Tolerant ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch ◽  
Fruit Mass ◽  
Plant Dry Mass

Studies were conducted in Fall 1994 and Summer 1995 to determine growth and yield response of heat-tolerant tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to transplant depth, time of daily irrigation, and polyethylene mulch color. Five-week-old tomato transplants were planted to a depth of either 7.5 or 15.0 cm, drip irrigated every other day for 2.5 h starting at either 7:30 am or 2:30 pm for 80 d following transplanting, and mulched with white-surface (white on black) or black polyethylene. Soil temperatures were recorded daily at 4:00 pm for 21 d from the beginning of fruit set (2 weeks following transplanting) until the tomato canopy shaded the mulch surface. Transplanting tomatoes to a depth of 15.0 cm significantly increased marketable yield in both years and the total yield in 1 year of this study. Mean fruit mass was not influenced by transplant depth, but plant dry mass was significantly increased by deeper transplanting in 1995. Morning irrigation increased the marketable and total yields and mean fruit mass in both years and plant dry mass in 1995. White-surface mulch had a similar effect on yield and fruit mass. Soil temperature was significantly lower at the 15.0-cm depth than at 7.5 cm in both years. Morning irrigation and white-surface polyethylene mulch also significantly reduced soil temperature in both years.

scholarly journals 290 COMPARING THE EFFICACY OF CHEMICAL CONTROLS FOR ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE ON WATERMELON

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 471e-471
Author(s):  
G.E. Brust ◽  
W.D. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Control Practice ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Nine treatments, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications on 20m rows/plot, were all soiled applied and incorporated under black polyethylene mulch, prior to planting. The treatments were: methyl bromide (MB) 98 and 67 & chloropicrin at 168 kgha-1, metham sodium at 17 & 34 1ha-1, oxamyl at 1.6 & 3.21 1ha-1, fosthiazate 6.5 & 13 kgha-1, and a control. Four week-old `Crimson Sweet' watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) transplants were established 3 weeks after chemical applications were made. Soil samples were taken in the plastic row-middle, plastic edge, 30 cm off the plastic edge and 15, 30 & 45 cm deep at each sampling location 3 and 6 weeks after transplanting. The presence of Root-knot Nematode, RKN, (Meloidogyne spp.) was established by using `Mountain Pride' tomato as a bioassay. Fruit size and total yield were recorded and the economic return for each control practice calculated. The 1.6 1ha-1 oxamyl plots yielded 6,832 kgha-1 more than the control which corresponds to a return of $183 for the investment of that control. The 3.2 1ha-1 plots had a yield increase of 7,728 kgha-1 and a return of $103, followed by, in order of yield response, 17 1ha-1 Metham plots, 18,592 kgha-1 & $498, 34 1ha-1 Metham plots, 25,872 & $693, MB 67 plots, 35,952 kgha-1 & $752, and MB 98 plots, 37,072 kgha-1 & $851.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of the Effect of Different Weed Management Strategies on Disease Severity and Marketable Yield of Paprika (Capsicum Annuum L.) in the Smallholder Farming Sector of Zimbabwe

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell Handiseni ◽  
Julia Sibiya ◽  
Vincent Ogunlela ◽  
Irene Koomen
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Hand Weeding

Comparative Study of the Effect of Different Weed Management Strategies on Disease Severity and Marketable Yield of Paprika (Capsicum AnnuumL.) in the Smallholder Farming Sector of ZimbabweOn-farm trials were conducted in the Chinyika Resettlement Area of Zimbabwe under dryland conditions to investigate the effects of different weed management methods on disease incidence, severity and paprika (Capsicum annuum) pod yield. The weed control treatments included hand weeding at 2 and 6 weeks after transplanting (WAT); ridge re-moulding at 3,6 and 9 WAT; application 4l/ha Lasso (alachlor) immediately after transplanting, and Ronstar (oxidiazinon) at 2l/ha tank mixed with Lasso at 2l/ha one day before transplanting. The herbicide-water solution was applied at the rate of 200l/ha using a knapsack sprayer. Major diseases identified were bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas campestrispv.vesicatoria), cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora unamunoi), grey leaf spot (Stemphylium solani) and powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) in both seasons. For the 2000/2001 season hand weeding at 2 and 6 WAT and ridge re-moulding at 3, 6 and 9 WAT had the greatest reduction effect on the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and the highest marketable fruit yield. In the 2001/2002 season, both herbicide treatments had the same effect as hand weeding and ridge re-moulding on AUDPC and marketable fruit yield. The least weed density was obtained by ridge re-moulding at 3, 6, and 9 WAT in the 2000/2001 season. Weed density was statistically the same across all treatments except the check treatment in 2001/2002 season. Hand weeding operations were significantly (p < 0.05) effective and consequently gave the highest added profits mainly because of their effect on major weeds such asDatura stramonium.

Effects of Repeat Annual Applications of Dichlobenil on Weed Populations and Yield Components of Cranberry

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 648-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary A. Sandler ◽  
Joanne Mason ◽  
Wesley R. Autio ◽  
Thomas A. Bewick
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Marketable Fruit

To address grower concerns that repeated use of dichlobenil could negatively affect cranberry productivity, field studies were conducted at two commercial farms in either high weed density (HW) or low weed density (LW) areas. Data from 4 yr of repeat annual applications of 0, 1.8, and 4.5 kg ai/ha dichlobenil indicated minimal negative impact on cranberry vines. Herbicide application did not affect upright productivity, leaf biomass production, percent fruit set, or other yield parameters adversely; in addition, no improvement in these parameters was noted. Although the interaction of herbicide application with weed density on cranberry root length varied with sampling date, no consistent trend (adverse or positive) was seen. The presence of weeds, rather than herbicide application, was the important determinant of yield. Vines in LW areas produced more marketable fruit and had higher percentage of fruit set than vines growing in HW areas. Repeat annual applications of dichlobenil on commercial cranberry beds may be considered as part of a viable integrated weed management program with no adverse effect on crop growth or yield.

Effects of Postemergence and Postemergence-Directed Halosulfuron on Triploid Watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus)

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Dittmar ◽  
David W. Monks ◽  
Jonathan R. Schultheis ◽  
Katherine M. Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Distal Region ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Proximal Region ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Crop Plant ◽  
Fruit Number ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Triploid Watermelon ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Studies were conducted in 2006 at Clinton and Kinston, NC, to determine the influence of halosulfuron POST (over the crop plant) or POST-directed (to the crop) on growth and yield of transplanted ‘Precious Petite’ and ‘Tri-X-313’ triploid watermelon. Treatments included a nontreated control, 39 g/ha halosulfuron applied POST-directed to 25% of the plant (distal or proximal region), POST-directed to 50% of the plant (distal or proximal; Precious Petite only), and POST. Watermelon treated with halosulfuron displayed chlorotic leaves, shortened internodes, and increased stem splitting. Vines were longest in the nontreated control (Tri-X-313 = 146 cm, Precious Petite = 206 cm) but were shortest in the POST treatment (Tri-X-313 = 88 cm, Precious Petite = 77 cm). Halosulfuron POST to watermelon caused the greatest injury (Tri-X-313 = 64%, Precious Petite = 67%). Halosulfuron directed to 25 or 50% (distal or proximal) of the plant caused less injury than halosulfuron applied POST. Stem splitting was greatest when halosulfuron was applied to the proximal area of the stem compared with POST-directed distal or POST. Internode shortening was greatest in treatments where halosulfuron was applied to the distal region of the stem. However, Tri-X-313 in the POST-directed 25% distal treatment produced similar total and marketable fruit weight as the nontreated control at Clinton. Fruit number did not differ among treatments for either cultivar. At Kinston, Precious Petite nontreated control and POST-directed 25% distal end treatment had greater marketable fruit weight than the POST-directed 50% proximal and POST treatments. The current halosulfuron registration allows POST application between rows or PRE. Limiting halosulfuron contact to no more than 25% of the watermelon plant will likely improve crop tolerance.

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