scholarly journals Religious Attendance Moderates the Environmental Effect on Prosocial Behavior in Nigerian Adolescents

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon-Mi Hur ◽  
Hoe-Uk Jeong ◽  
Frances Ajose ◽  
Ariel Knafo-Noam
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Religious Attendance ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Frequent Attenders

AbstractThere is a growing body of literature linking religious attendance to prosocial behavior (PB). The main purposes of the present study were to estimate genetic and environmental influences on the frequency of religious attendance (FRA) and to explore whether and how FRA moderates genetic and/or environmental influences on PB. As part of the Nigerian Twin and Sibling Study, 2860 (280 monozygotic male, 417 monozygotic female, 544 dizygotic male, 699 dizygotic female, and 920 opposite-sex dizygotic) twins (mean age = 14.2 years; SD = 1.7 years; age range = 12–18 years) completed a questionnaire regarding FRA and a PB scale. Similar to the findings from western twin samples, FRA showed substantial shared environmental influences of 74% (95% CI = 69%, 78%), with absence of genetic effects. The phenotypic correlation between FRA and PB was modest but positive and significant (r = .12; p < .01), suggesting that PB is higher among more frequent attenders than among less frequent attenders. The results of gene–environment (G × E) interaction model-fitting analysis revealed that FRA changed individual environmental experiences rather than genetic effects on PB such that while genetic variance was stable, non-shared environmental variance declined, leading the total phenotypic variance of PB to decrease with increasing levels of religious attendance.

scholarly journals Twin Study of the Relationship between Childhood Negative Emotionality and Hyperactivity/Inattention Problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Yoon-Mi Hur ◽  
Hoe-Uk Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Negative Emotionality ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Environmental Correlation ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe present study aimed to determine the genetic and environmental etiology of the association between childhood negative emotionality (NE) and hyperactivity/inattention problems (HIP) using South Korean elementary school twins (mean age = 10.19 years, SD = 1.79 years). Telephone interviews were given to mothers of 919 twins (229 monozygotic males: 112 pairs and 5 individuals; 148 dizygotic males: 73 pairs and 2 individuals; 180 monozygotic females: 87 pairs and 6 individuals; 103 dizygotic females: 50 pairs and 3 individuals; 259 opposite-sex dizygotic twins: 127 pairs and 5 individuals) to assess their children’s NE and HIP. Consistent with prior studies, the phenotypic correlation between NE and the HIP was moderate (r = .29; 95% CI = .24, .34). Model-fitting analysis revealed that additive genetic and nonshared environmental influences on NE were .45 (95% CI [.34, .54]) and .55 (95% CI [.46, .66]), respectively, and that additive and nonadditive genetic, and nonshared environmental influences on HIP were .08 (95% CI [.03, .26]), .41 (95% CI [.21, .51]) and .51 (95% CI = .42, .61), respectively. In addition, the additive genetic correlation between NE and HIP was 1.0 (95% CI [.52, 1.00]), indicating that additive genetic factors are entirely shared between the two phenotypes. Nonadditive genetic influences were unique to HIP and not responsible for the NE-HIP association. Nonshared environmental correlation was significant but modest (re = .18, 95% CI [.06, .30]).

Feeling of Cold Hands and Feet is a Highly Heritable Phenotype

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon-Mi Hur ◽  
Jeong-Ho Chae ◽  
Ki Wha Chung ◽  
Jung Jin Kim ◽  
Hoe-Uk Jeong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Measurement Error ◽  
General Population ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Heritable Phenotype ◽  
Hands And Feet ◽  
Fitting Model

The prevalence of the feeling of cold hands and feet (FCHF) is high in the general population but the etiology of FCHF is largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to explore whether the FCHF is heritable. Eight hundred and ninety-four pairs of twins completed a question about FCHF. Tetrachoric correlations for FCHF were .58, .29, .67, .52, and .04 for monozygotic male, dizygotic male, monozygotic female, and dizygotic female twins, respectively. Model-fitting analyses suggested that in the best fitting model, additive genetic and nonshared environmental variance including measurement error were 64% (95% CI: 55%-72%) and 36% (28%-45%), respectively. Sex differences in genetic and environmental influences were not significant.

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Expression of Recurrent Headache as a Function of the Reporting Age in Twins

Twin Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan A. Svensson ◽  
Bo Larsson ◽  
Elisabet Waldenlind ◽  
Nancy L. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Recurrent Headache ◽  
Old Men ◽  
Additive Genetic Effects

AbstractTo explore age-related mechanisms in the expression of recurrent headache, we evaluated whether genetic and environmental influences are a function of the reporting age using questionnaire information that was gathered in 1973 for 15- to 47-year-old Swedish twins (n =12,606 twin pairs). Liability to mixed headache (mild migraine and tension-type headache) was explained by non-additive genetic influences (49%) in men aged from 15 to 30 years and additive genetic plus shared environmental influences (28%) in men aged from 31 to 47 years. In women, the explained proportion of variance, which was mainly due to additive genetic effects, ranged from 61% in adolescent twins to 12% in twins aged from 41 to 47 years, whereas individual specific environmental variance was significantly lower in twins aged from 15 to 20 years than in twins aged from 21 to 30 years. Liability to migrainous headache (more severe migraine) was explained by non-addi-tive genetic influences in men, 32% in young men and 45% in old men, while total phenotypic variance was significantly lower in young men than in old men. In women, the explained proportion of variance ranged from 91% in the youngest age group to 37% in the oldest age group, with major contributions from non-additive effects in young and old women (15–20 years and 41–47 years, respectively) and additive genetic effects in intermediate age groups (21–40 years). While total variance showed a positive age trend, genetic variance tended to be stable across age groups, whereas individual specific environmental variance was significantly lower in adolescent women as compared to older women.

Bayesian analysis of direct and maternal effects for birthweight in Iranian buffaloes using Gibbs sampling

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navid Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Gibbs Sampling ◽  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
Estimate Variance

Calving records from April 1994 to March 2010 comprising 8570 calving events from the first three parities of 734 buffalo herds of Iran were analysed using a linear animal model to estimate variance components and heritability for birthweight. A linear animal model including direct and maternal genetic effects with covariance between them and maternal permanent environmental effect was implemented by Gibbs sampling methodology. A single Gibbs sampling chain with 500 000 rounds was generated by the Threshold Model program. Posterior means of direct and maternal heritabilities and repeatability for birthweight were 0.21, 0.15 and 0.23, respectively. Estimate of correlation between direct and maternal genetic effects for birthweight was –0.71. Also, the ratio of permanent environmental variance to phenotypic variance was 0.02. Along with the direct genetic effects, the contribution of maternal effects to the phenotypic variance of birthweight may provide producers with information to optimally use the reported estimates when making selection decisions. The results of this study indicated that exploitable genetic variation observed for birthweight could be considered in designing future selection programs for Iranian buffaloes and improvement in birthweight could be attained by genetic selection.

scholarly journals Estimation of Additive and Dominance Genetic Effects on Body Weight, Carcass and Ham Quality Traits in Heavy Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 481
Author(s):  
Valentina Bonfatti ◽  
Roberta Rostellato ◽  
Paolo Carnier
Keyword(s):  
Variance Components ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Additive Genetic Variance ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Genetic Response ◽  
Dominance Variance ◽  
Dry Cured Ham ◽  
Genetic Evaluations

Neglecting dominance effects in genetic evaluations may overestimate the predicted genetic response achievable by a breeding program. Additive and dominance genetic effects were estimated by pedigree-based models for growth, carcass, fresh ham and dry-cured ham seasoning traits in 13,295 crossbred heavy pigs. Variance components estimated by models including litter effects, dominance effects, or both, were compared. Across traits, dominance variance contributed up to 26% of the phenotypic variance and was, on average, 22% of the additive genetic variance. The inclusion of litter, dominance, or both these effects in models reduced the estimated heritability by 9% on average. Confounding was observed among litter, additive genetic and dominance effects. Model fitting improved for models including either the litter or dominance effects, but it did not benefit from the inclusion of both. For 15 traits, model fitting slightly improved when dominance effects were included in place of litter effects, but no effects on animal ranking and accuracy of breeding values were detected. Accounting for litter effects in the models for genetic evaluations would be sufficient to prevent the overestimation of the genetic variance while ensuring computational efficiency.

Subjective Wellbeing and Sleep Problems: A Bivariate Twin Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 440-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragnhild B. Nes ◽  
Espen Røysamb ◽  
Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud ◽  
Kristian Tambs ◽  
Jennifer R. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Bivariate Model ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Specific Effects

AbstractThe relationship between subjective wellbeing (SWB) and self-reported sleep problems was investigated in a cohort of Norwegian twins aged 18 to 31 years. Questionnaire data from 8045 same- and opposite-sex twins were analyzed using structural equation modeling to explore the relative effects of genetic and environmental influences on phenotypic variance and covariance. Special attention was paid to sex-specific effects. The correlation between the phenotypes was estimated to be −.43. Univariate analyses indicated considerable genetic influences for both SWB and sleep problems, for male and female twins alike. The best fitting bivariate model specified additive genetic and individual environmental factors for both phenotypes, and nonadditive genetic effects for sleep problems, with no sex-specific effects. Genetic and environmental effects accounted for 60% and 40% of the phenotypic correlation, respectively. Additive genetic factors affecting the two phenotypes were correlated (−.85), suggesting that part of the genetic effects that positively influence SWB also protect against sleep problems. In conclusion, the results indicate considerable overlap in genetic etiology for SWB and sleep problems, for males and females alike.

scholarly journals Decreased heritability and emergence of novel genetic effects on pulse wave velocity from youth to young adulthood

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yisong Huang ◽  
Shaoyong Su ◽  
Harold Snieder ◽  
Frank Treiber ◽  
Gaston Kapuku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Pulse Wave Velocity ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Pulse Wave ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIncreased arterial stiffness measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV) is an important parameter in the assessment of cardiovascular risk. Our previous longitudinal study has demonstrated that carotid-distal PWV showed reasonable stability throughout youth and young adulthood. This stability might be driven by genetic factors that are expressed consistently over time. We aimed to illustrate the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to the stability of carotid-distal PWV from youth to young adulthood. We also examined potential ethnic differences. For this purpose, carotid-distal PWV was measured twice in 497 European American (EA) and African American (AA) twins, with an average interval time of 3 years. Twin modelling on PWV showed that heritability decreased over time (62–35%), with the nonshared environmental influences becoming larger. There was no correlation between the nonshared environmental factors on PWV measured at visit 1 and visit 2, with the phenotypic tracking correlation (r = 0.32) completely explained by shared genetic factors over time. Novel genetic influences were identified accounting for a significant part of the variance (19%) at the second measurement occasion. There was no evidence for ethnic differences. In summary, novel genetic effects appear during development into young adulthood and account for a considerable part of the variation in PWV. Environmental influences become larger with age for PWV.

scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Influences on Disability Pension Due To Mental Diagnoses: Limited Importance of Major Depression, Generalized Anxiety, and Chronic Fatigue

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurgita Narusyte ◽  
Annina Ropponen ◽  
Kristina Alexanderson ◽  
Pia Svedberg
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Disability Pension ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Genetic Contributions

Background:Previous research indicates that liability to disability pension (DP) due to mental diagnoses is moderately influenced by genetic factors. This study investigates whether genetic contributions to the liability to DP due to mood and neurotic diagnoses overlap with the genetic influences on major depression (MD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), or chronic fatigue (CF).Method:A prospective cohort study including 9,985 female twins born in Sweden 1933–1958. The presence of MD, GAD, and CF was assessed by computer-assisted telephone interviews conducted in 1998–2002. Data on DP due to mood and neurotic diagnoses were obtained from nationwide registers for the years 1998–2010. Common genetic and environmental influences on the phenotypes were estimated by applying structural equation modeling.Results:The prevalence of MD/GAD was 30%, CF 8%, and DP due to mood and neurotic diagnoses 3% in 2010. Genetic effects on MD/GAD explained 31% of the total genetic variation in DP, whereas genetic contributions in common with CF were small and not significant. The majority of the total non-shared environmental variance in DP (85%) was explained by the factors that were unique to DP.Conclusions:Large proportions of genetic and non-shared environmental influences in DP due to mood and neurotic diagnoses were not explained by the contributions from MD/GAD or CF. The results suggest that the process leading to DP is complex and influenced by factors other than those related to the disorder underlying DP.

scholarly journals Sex differences and developmental stability in genetic and environmental influences on psychoactive substance consumption from early adolescence to young adulthood

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1907-1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Baker ◽  
H. H. Maes ◽  
H. Larsson ◽  
P. Lichtenstein ◽  
K. S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Substance Consumption

BackgroundGenetic and environmental factors are important in the etiology of substance use. However, little is known about the stability of these factors across development. We aimed to answer three crucial questions about this etiology that have never been addressed in a single study: (1) Is there a general vulnerability to substance consumption from early adolescence to young adulthood? (2) If so, do the genetic and environmental influences on this vulnerability change across development? (3) Do these developmental processes differ in males and females?MethodSubjects included 1480 twin pairs from the Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development who have been followed since 1994. Prospective, self-reported regular smoking, alcohol intoxication and illicit drug use were assessed at ages 13–14, 16–17 and 19–20 years. Structural modeling was performed with the program Mx.ResultsAn underlying common factor accounted for the association between smoking, alcohol and illicit drug consumption for the three age groups. Common genetic and shared environmental effects showed substantial continuity. In general, as participants aged, the influence of the shared environment decreased, and genetic effects became more substance specific in their effect.ConclusionsThe current report answers three important questions in the etiology of substance use. The genetic and environmental risk for substance consumption is partly mediated through a common factor and is partly substance specific. Developmentally, evidence was strongest for stability of common genetic effects, with less evidence for genetic innovation. These processes seem to be the same in males and females.

Heritability of Motor Skill

1980 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. T. Williams ◽  
J. B. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Balance Task ◽  
And Performance

A total of 22 monozygotic (MZ) and 41 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs were given 72 trials on a stabilometer balance task over six days to study the extent of the genetic contribution to learning and performance of a gross motor skill. The expectations that interindividual differences would be less for the MZ than for the DZ twins and that intraindividual variability would not be different between the two groups were supported. Intraclass correlations were used to provide estimates for the proportions of total phenotypic variance accounted for by heritability (h2), systematic environmental variance (E2), and nonsystematic environmental effects (e2). Heritability was found to be low during the early stages of learning, before it increased to stabilize at approximately 65% for the remaining practice. E2 was highest during these early stages (24%), then declined quickly to stabilize at half that level. Error variance (e2) constituted the remaining variance. Learning profiles of the twin pairs were also analyzed, with a greater intrapair resemblance being found for the MZ twins. The present findings indicate that, for gross motor skills, there is considerable potential for influencing both the levels of performance (and learning) and the differences between individuals by judicious use of systematic environmental effects.

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