scholarly journals Seasonality in Multiple Maternities

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 558-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Fellman
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Twin Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Correct Association

In the 19th century, a series of international statistical congresses introduced common rules for the national demographic registers. This activity contributed to the genesis of statistical research. During the history of twin research, Hellin's law has played a central role because it is an approximately correct association between the rates of multiple maternities. However, it has been mathematically proven that Hellin's law cannot hold exactly. The majority of all studies of Hellin's law are based on empirical rates of multiple maternities. Such studies can never confirm the law, but only identify errors too large to be characterized as random. It is of particular interest to examine why the rates of higher multiple maternities are sometimes too high or too low when Hellin's law is used as a benchmark. However, divergences from the law are often difficult to explain and/or eliminate. Different improvements to the law have been proposed. In this article, we study the seasonality of multiple maternities. We apply Hellin's law to compare the seasonality of twin and triplet rates.

scholarly journals Aspects of the History of Twin Research: Statistical Congresses in the 19th Century and Hellin's Law

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Fellman
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Twin Research ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the 19th century, a series of international statistical congresses began that were important for population studies, including twin research. The introduction of common rules for the national demographic registers enabled scientists to contribute to the genesis of statistical research. The congress in St. Petersburg in 1872, in particular, focused on the movements of the population, and how they should be registered. Among the facts to be recorded were in multiple births, the sex and number of children born alive or still-born, whether legitimate or illegitimate, and the age of the mother at the date of the births. During the history of twin research, Hellin's law has played a central role because it is an approximately correct association between the rates of multiple maternities. It has been mathematically proven that Hellin's law does not hold as a general rule. Analyses show divergences from the law that are difficult to explain and/or eliminate. Varying improvements of this law have been proposed. The majority of all studies of Hellin's law are based on empirical rates of multiple maternities, ignoring random errors. Such studies can never confirm the law, but only identify errors with respect to Hellin's law that are too large to be characterized as random. It is of particular interest to note and explain why the rates of higher multiple maternities are sometimes too high or too low when Hellin's law is used as a benchmark. Studies have shown that there were investigators before Hellin who have contributed substantially to Hellin's law. In this article, we re-examine some old data sets and contributions in which Hellin's law has been evaluated and also analyze recent data.

scholarly journals Investigatory Records from the Central State Archive of the Kirov Region as a Source for Studying State – Old Believers Relations in the Second Quarter of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 1007-1019
Author(s):  
Victoria V. Mashkovtseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Physical Punishment ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article analyzes the investigatory documentation from the fonds of the Central State Archive of the Kirov Region, containing important information on the history of state – Old Believers relations of the second quarter of the 19th century. The choice of sources comes from the fact that at that period, a very hard line was taken with Old Believers, numerous restrictions and prohibitions regulating all aspects of their religious and cultural life. In particular, the law imposed a ban on construction of new religious buildings, as well as on repair of dilapidated chapels; these were denied all external attributes of Orthodox churches. The law did not allow ordination of Old Believers ministers and limited their movement while performing spiritual rites. Finally, the legislation prohibited spreading of Old Faith and “seduction into the Raskol.” In case of violation of these laws and regulations, the Old Believers were subjected to various punishments. The study is based on investigatory documentation which testifies of repressive policies towards Old Believers. These records tell of the Old Believers’ reaction to the confessional policy and characterize the system of punishments. Among punishments used against Old Believers physical punishment (lashing), imprisonment (term of which was determined by the gravity of deed), and exile to the Transcaucasian (which included military service in the army) were prevalent. Most informative of all used sources are reports of bailiffs and uezd police officers, which contain important data on the progress of investigation, as well as property inventories compiled when searching Old Believers dwellings and chapels. On the whole, the studied investigatory records allow to trace the implementation of confessional policy in one region in the specified period of time and to determine its ultimate goal, that is, elimination of Old Believers.

scholarly journals De 19e-eeuwse geschiedenis van de Nederlandse wetenschap van het burgerlijke recht? Helemaal niet!

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 163-207
Author(s):  
Jeroen M.J. Chorus
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Commercial Law ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
The 19Th Century

SummaryThis article reviews C.J.H. Jansen’s attempt to write the history of Private Law (except for Commercial Law) doctrine in The Netherlands during the 19th Century. Regrettably, Jansen’s book does next to nothing discuss academic and other scholarly writings on the Law of Property and of Obligations, and does not at all discuss such writings on the Law of Persons and the Family, of Juristic Persons and of Succession. It only deals with aspects of methodology, of sources of law and of extra-legal factors which inspired some authors, apart from pouring out over the reader lots of facts unconnected with Private Law doctrine. The book’s title is misleading.

MASJID BESAR RAJA HAJI ABDUL GHANI PULAU BURU KEPULAUAN RIAU

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurman Kholis
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Qualitative Research Methods ◽  
District Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Buddhists ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Level Government

Abstract. Many Muslims in the Riau Islands do not know the history of the development of Islamic theory from the center of power to spread to various corners. This is as the existence of the Great Mosque of Raja Haji Abdul Ghani (MBRHAG) on Buru Island, Karimun. Thus, to uncover the existence of this mosque, qualitative research methods are used so that history, architecture, and socio-religious functions can be known. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the establishment of MBRHAG was initiated by Raja Haji Abdul Ghani. He was the first Amir (sub-district level government) of the kingdom of Riau-Lingga on Buru Island, in the 19th century. The architecture is a Chinese. Therefore, on the right side of this mosque is around 200 m, there is also the Sam Po Teng Temple and the Tri Dharma Dewa Bumi. Thus, the close location of the mosque with Chinese and Confucian worship houses's shows a harmonious relationship between Malay Muslims and Chinese Buddhists. In fact, in the continuation of this relationship there was information that a Chinese Buddhist had joined a Muslim friend to fast for half a month of Ramadan.Keywords: Mosque, Malay Muslims, Chinese Buddhists/Confucians, Harmonious RelationsAbstrak. Umat Islam di Kepulauan Riau banyak yang tidak mengenal sejarah perkembangan ajaran Islam dari pusat kekuasaan hingga tersebar ke berbagai pelosok. Hal ini sebagaimana keberadaan Masjid Besar Raja Haji Abdul Ghani (MBRHAG) di Pulau Buru, Karimun. Dengan demikian, untuk mengungkapkan keberadaan masjid ini digunakan metode penelitian kualitatif  agar dapat diketahui sejarah, arsitektur, dan fungsi sosial keagamaannya.  Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa pendirian MBRHAG diprakarsai oleh Raja Haji Abdul Ghani. Ia adalah Amir (pemerintah setingkat kecamatan) pertama kerajaan Riau-Lingga di Pulau Buru, pada abad ke-19. Adapun arsitekturnya adalah seorang Tionghoa. Karena itu, di sebelah kanan masjid ini sekitar 200 m juga terdapat Kelenteng Sam Po Teng dan cetya Tri Dharma Dewa Bumi. Dengan demikian, dekatnya lokasi masjid dengan rumah ibadah umat Tionghoa dan Khonghucu ini menunjukkan hubungan yang harmonis antara muslim Melayu dengan Budhis Tionghoa. Bahkan, dalam kelangsungan hubungan ini terdapat informasi seorang Buddhis Tionghoa pernah ikut temannya yang beragama muslim untuk berpuasa selama setengah bulan Ramadhan.Kata Kunci: Masjid, Muslim Melayu, Buddhis/Khonghucu Tionghoa, Hubungan Harmonis

On the nature of chemistry

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. Scerri
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent History ◽  
History Of Chemistry ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Fundamental Unity ◽  
The 19Th Century

<span>The very nature of chemistry presents us with a tension. A tension between the exhilaration of diversity of substances and forms on the one hand and the safety of fundamental unity on the other. Even just the recent history of chemistry has been al1 about this tension, from the debates about Prout's hypothesis as to whether there is a primary matter in the 19th century to the more recent speculations as to whether computers will enable us to virtually dispense with experimental chemistry.</span>

Bonobos

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

This is a comprehensive, illustrated catalogue of the 200+ marine chronometers in the collections of Royal Museums Greenwich. Every chronometer has been completely dismantled, studied and recorded, and illustrations include especially commissioned line drawings as well as photographs. The collection is also used to illustrate a newly researched and up-to-date chapter describing the history of the marine chronometer, so the book is much more than simply a catalogue. The history chapter naturally includes the story of John Harrison’s pioneering work in creating the first practical marine timekeepers, all four of which are included in the catalogue, newly photographed and described in minute detail for the first time. In fact full technical and historical data are provided for all of the marine chronometers in the collection, to an extent never before attempted, including biographical details of every maker represented. A chapter describes how the 19th century English chronometer was manufactured, and another provides comprehensive and logically arranged information on how to assess and date a given marine chronometer, something collectors and dealers find particularly difficult. For further help in identification of chronometers, appendices include a pictorial record of the number punches used by specific makers to number their movements, and the maker’s punches used by the rough movement makers. There is also a close-up pictorial guide to the various compensation balances used in chronometers in the collection, a technical Glossary of terms used in the catalogue text and a concordance of the various inventory numbers used in the collection over the years.

A great inspiration for today's vaccination efforts: Biographical sketch of Francisco Xavier Balmis (1753–1819)

2021 ◽  
pp. 096777202110347
Author(s):  
Gabriel E Andrade
Keyword(s):  
History Of Medicine ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Biographical Sketch ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The management of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic will require huge worldwide vaccination efforts. In this endeavour, healthcare workers face the twofold challenge of reaching remote areas, and persuading people to take the vaccine shots. As it happens, this is nothing new in the history of medicine. Health workers can take inspiration from Francisco Xavier Balmis, a Spanish physician of the 19th century who realised the importance of Jenner's vaccine against smallpox, and led a big successful expedition to administer the vaccines in the Spanish colonial possessions of the Western hemisphere and Asia. This article presents a biographical sketch of Balmis, focusing on his expedition.

scholarly journals History of otorhinolaryngology in Germany before 1921

HNO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 338-365
Author(s):  
Albert Mudry ◽  
Robert Mlynski ◽  
Burkhard Kramp
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Neck Surgery ◽  
German Society ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Head And Neck Surgery ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academic Organization ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

AbstractIn 2021, the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery is celebrating the 100th anniversary of its foundation. The aim of this article is to present the main inventions and progress made in Germany before 1921, the date the society was founded. Three chronological periods are discernible: the history of otorhinolaryngology (ORL) in Germany until the beginning of the 19th century, focusing mainly on the development of scattered knowledge; the birth of the sub-specialties otology, laryngology (pharyngo-laryngology and endoscopy), and rhinology in the 19th century, combining advances in knowledge and implementation of academic structures; and the creation of the ORL specialty at the turn of the 20th century, mainly concentrating on academic organization and expansion. This period was crucial and allowed for the foundation of the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery on solid ground. Germany played an important role in the development and progress of ORL internationally in the 19th century with such great contributors as Anton von Tröltsch, Hermann Schwartze, Otto Körner, Rudolf Voltolini, and Gustav Killian to mention a few.

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