scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Stability of Neuroticism From Adolescence to Adulthood

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 746-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel G. Nivard ◽  
Christel M. Middeldorp ◽  
Conor V. Dolan ◽  
Dorret I. Boomsma
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Twin Design ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Variance Matrix ◽  
Simplex Model

Longitudinal studies of neuroticism have shown that, on average, neuroticism scores decrease from adolescence to adulthood. The heritability of neuroticism is estimated between 0.30 and 0.60 and does not seem to vary greatly as a function of age. Shared environmental effects are rarely reported. Less is known about the role of genetic and environmental influences on the rank order stability of neuroticism in the period from adolescence to adulthood. We studied the stability of neuroticism in a cohort sequential (classical) twin design, from adolescence (age 14 years) to young adulthood (age 32 years). A genetic simplex model that was fitted to the longitudinal neuroticism data showed that the genetic stability of neuroticism was relatively high (genetic correlations between adjacent age bins >0.9), and increased from adolescence to adulthood. Environmental stability was appreciably lower (environmental correlations between adjacent age bins were between 0.3 and 0.6). This low stability was largely due to age-specific environmental variance, which was dominated by measurement error. This attenuated the age-to-age environmental correlations. We constructed an environmental covariance matrix corrected for this error, under the strong assumption that all age-specific environmental variance is error variance. The environmental (co)variance matrix corrected for attenuation revealed highly stable environmental influences on neuroticism (correlations between adjacent age bins were between 0.7 and 0.9). Our results indicate that both genetic and environmental influences have enduring effects on individual differences in neuroticism.

scholarly journals Genetic parameters for test day milk yield of first lactation Holstein cows estimated by random regression using Legendre polynomials

2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Napolis Costa ◽  
Claudio Manoel Rodrigues de Melo ◽  
Irineu Umberto Packer ◽  
Ary Ferreira de Freitas ◽  
Nilson Milagres Teixeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Variance Components ◽  
Legendre Polynomials ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Random Regression ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Residual Variance ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Lp Estimates

Data comprising 263,390 test-day (TD) records of 32,448 first parity cows calving in 467 herds between 1991 and 2001 from the Brazilian Holstein Association were used to estimate genetic and permanent environmental variance components in a random regression animal model using Legendre polynomials (LP) of order three to five by REML. Residual variance was assumed to be constant in all or in some classes of lactation periods for each LP. Estimates of genetic and permanent environmental variances did not show any trend due to the increase in the LP order. Residual variance decreased as the order of LP increased when it was assumed constant, and it was highest at the beginning of lactation and relatively constant in mid lactation when assumed to vary between classes. The range for the estimates of heritability (0.27 - 0.42) was similar for all models and was higher in mid lactation. There were only slight differences between the models in both genetic and permanent environmental correlations. Genetic correlations decreased for near unity between adjacent days to values as low as 0.24 between early and late lactation. A five parameter LP to model both genetic and permanent environmental effects and assuming a homogeneous residual variance would be a parsimonious option to fit TD yields of Holstein cows in Brazil.

Multivariate Analysis of Genetic and Environmental Influences for Longitudinal Height and Weight Data

1987 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Fischbein ◽  
N.L. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Linear Pattern ◽  
Additive Genetic Model ◽  
First Time ◽  
Weight Data ◽  
Time Point

AbstractA multivariate analysis of genetic and environmental influences on longitudinal height and weight data from a Swedish twin sample is presented. For height in boys, genetic correlations of all ages with the first time point decrease during puberty and increase afterwards. A more linear pattern is evident for the girls. For weight in boys, genetic and environmental correlations are similar to the ones for height. Genetic correlations for girls are stable with age, while environmental correlations peak at 13.5 years and decrease drastically thereafter. The patterns for height and weight in boys suggest that a new set of genes may be turned on during puberty and turned off again afterwards. The pattern found for weight in girls indicates that a simple additive genetic model is not appropriate. It is necessary, however, to apply the model to actual data from several time points to recognize the inadequacy of the model.

Heritability of Verbal and Performance Intelligence in a Pediatric Longitudinal Sample

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge L.C. van Soelen ◽  
Rachel M. Brouwer ◽  
Marieke van Leeuwen ◽  
René S. Kahn ◽  
Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Twin Design ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Extended Twin Design ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Longitudinal Twin Study

The longitudinal stability of IQ is well-documented as is its increasing heritability with age. In a longitudinal twin study, we addressed the question to what extent heritability and stability differ for full scale (FSIQ), verbal (VIQ), and performance IQ (PIQ) in childhood (age 9–11 years), and early adolescence (age 12–14 years). Genetic and environmental influences and correlations over time were evaluated in an extended twin design, including Dutch twins and their siblings. Intelligence was measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children — Third version (WISC III). Heritability in childhood was 34% for FSIQ, 37% for VIQ, and 64% for PIQ, and increased up to 65%, 51%, and 72% in early adolescence. The influence of common environment decreased between childhood and early adolescence from explaining 43% of the phenotypic variance for FSIQ to 18% and from 42% for VIQ to 26%. For PIQ common environmental influences did not play a role, either in childhood or in early adolescence. The stability in FSIQ and VIQ across the 3-year interval (rp) was .72 for both measures and was explained by genetic and common environmental correlations across time (FSIQ, rg= .96, rc= 1.0; VIQ, rg=.78, rc= 1.0). Stability of PIQ (rp=.56) was lower and was explained by genetic influences (rg= .90). These results confirm the robust findings of increased heritability of general cognitive abilities during the transition from childhood to adolescence. Interestingly, results for PIQ differ from those for FSIQ and VIQ, in that no significant contribution of environment shared by siblings from the same family was detected.

QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN GENETIC PARAMETERS FOR WING TRAITS

Genetics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-566
Author(s):  
David E Cowley ◽  
William R Atchley ◽  
J J Rutledge
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Environmental Variance

ABSTRACT Sexual dimorphism in genetic parameters is examined for wing dimensions of Drosophila melanogaster. Data are fit to a quantitative genetic model where phenotypic variance is a linear function of additive genetic autosomal variance (common to both sexes), additive genetic X-linked variances distinct for each sex, variance due to common rearing environment of families, residual environmental variance, random error variance due to replication, and variance due to measurement error and developmental asymmetry (left vs. right sides). Polygenic dosage compensation and its effect on genetic variances and covariances between sexes is discussed. Variance estimates for wing length and other wing dimensions highly correlated with length support the hypothesis that the Drosophila system of dosage compensation will cause male X-linked genetic variance to be substantially larger than female X-linked variance. Results for various wing dimensions differ, suggesting that the level of dosage compensation may differ for different traits. Genetic correlations between sexes for the same trait are presented. Total additive genetic correlations are near unity for most wing traits; this indicates that selection in the same direction in both sexes would have a minor effect on changing the magnitude of difference between sexes. Additive X-linked correlations suggest some genotype × sex interactions for X-linked effects.

scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Influences on Pulmonary Function and Muscle Strength: The Chinese Twin Study of Aging

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaocao Tian ◽  
Chunsheng Xu ◽  
Yili Wu ◽  
Jianping Sun ◽  
Haiping Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Daily Functioning ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Negative Direction ◽  
The Individual

Genetic and environmental influences on predictors of decline in daily functioning, including forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), handgrip, and five-times-sit-to-stand test (FTSST), have not been addressed in the aging Chinese population. We performed classical twin modeling on FEV1, FVC, handgrip, and FTSST in 379 twin pairs (240 MZ and 139 DZ) with median age of 50 years (40–80 years). Data were analyzed by fitting univariate and bivariate twin models to estimate the genetic and environmental influences on these measures of physical function. Heritability was moderate for FEV1, handgrip, and FTSST (55–60%) but insignificant for FVC. Only FVC showed moderate control, with shared environmental factors accounting for about 50% of the total variance. In contrast, all measures of pulmonary function and muscle strength showed modest influences from the unique environment (40–50%). Bivariate analysis showed highly positive genetic correlations between FEV1 and FVC (rG = 1.00), and moderately negative genetic correlations between FTSST and FEV1 (rG = −0.33) and FVC (rG = −0.42). FEV1 and FVC, as well as FEV1 and handgrip, displayed high common environmental correlations (rC = 1.00), and there were moderate correlations between FVC and handgrip (rC = 0.44). FEV1 and FVC showed high unique environmental correlations (rE = 0.76) and low correlations between handgrip and FEV1 (rE = 0.17), FVC (rE = 0.14), and FTSST (rE = −0.13) with positive or negative direction. We conclude that genetic factors contribute significantly to the individual differences in common indicators of daily functioning (FEV1, handgrip, and FTSST). FEV1 and FVC were genetically and environmentally correlated. Pulmonary function and FTSST may share similar sets of genes but in the negative direction. Pulmonary function and muscle strength may have a shared environmental background.

scholarly journals The Temporal Stability of In-Group Favoritism Is Mostly Attributable to Genetic Factors

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 897-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary J. Lewis ◽  
Timothy C. Bates
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Twin Design ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
The Stability

Twin studies of in-group favoritism have reported roughly equal influences of genetic and environmental factors. All, however, have solely relied on cross-sectional approaches, leaving open the question of whether genetic and environmental factors have similar roles on stability and change for in-group favoritism across time. While in-group favoritism is commonly perceived to reflect environmental influences, stable environmental effects are rare for psychological traits, thus suggesting that genetic influences may play the major role in the stability of favoritism. Here, we used addressed this issue using a 10-year (two waves) longitudinal twin design. In-group favoritism showed high rank-order stability ( r = .67). Seventy four percent of this rank-order stability was attributable to genes. A broadly similar pattern was observed for race, ethnic, and religious favoritism. By contrast, changes in favoritism almost entirely reflected nonshared environmental influences. These findings indicate that environmental influences underpin change in favoritism, while the stability of favoritism mostly reflects genetic influences.

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Executive Functions and Intelligence in the ABCD Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha M Freis ◽  
Claire Morrison ◽  
Jeffrey M. Lessem ◽  
John K. Hewitt ◽  
Naomi P. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Twin Studies

Executive functions (EFs) and intelligence (IQ) are phenotypically correlated and heritable; however, they show variable genetic correlations in twin studies spanning childhood to middle age. We analyzed data from over 11,000 children (9-10-year-olds, including 749 twin pairs) in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study to examine the phenotypic and genetic relations between EFs and IQ in childhood. We identified two EF factors – Common EF and Updating-Specific, which were both related to IQ (rs = .64-.81). Common EF and IQ were heritable (53-67%), and their genetic correlation (rG = .86) was not significantly different than 1. These results suggest that EFs and IQ are phenotypically but not genetically separable in middle childhood.

scholarly journals Genetic and environmental architecture of conscientiousness in adolescence

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Takahashi ◽  
Anqing Zheng ◽  
Shinji Yamagata ◽  
Juko Ando
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Genetic Analyses ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Per Se

AbstractUsing a genetically informative design (about 2000 twin pairs), we investigated the phenotypic and genetic and environmental architecture of a broad construct of conscientiousness (including conscientiousness per se, effortful control, self-control, and grit). These four different measures were substantially correlated; the coefficients ranged from 0.74 (0.72–0.76) to 0.79 (0.76–0.80). Univariate genetic analyses revealed that individual differences in conscientiousness measures were moderately attributable to additive genetic factors, to an extent ranging from 62 (58–65) to 64% (61–67%); we obtained no evidence that shared environmental influences were observed. Multivariate genetic analyses showed that for the four measures used to assess conscientiousness, genetic correlations were stronger than the corresponding non-shared environmental correlations, and that a latent common factor accounted for over 84% of the genetic variance. Our findings suggest that individual differences in the four measures of conscientiousness are not distinguishable at both the phenotypic and behavioural genetic levels, and that the overlap was substantially attributable to genetic factors.

scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Influences on Disability Pension Due To Mental Diagnoses: Limited Importance of Major Depression, Generalized Anxiety, and Chronic Fatigue

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurgita Narusyte ◽  
Annina Ropponen ◽  
Kristina Alexanderson ◽  
Pia Svedberg
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Disability Pension ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Genetic Contributions

Background:Previous research indicates that liability to disability pension (DP) due to mental diagnoses is moderately influenced by genetic factors. This study investigates whether genetic contributions to the liability to DP due to mood and neurotic diagnoses overlap with the genetic influences on major depression (MD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), or chronic fatigue (CF).Method:A prospective cohort study including 9,985 female twins born in Sweden 1933–1958. The presence of MD, GAD, and CF was assessed by computer-assisted telephone interviews conducted in 1998–2002. Data on DP due to mood and neurotic diagnoses were obtained from nationwide registers for the years 1998–2010. Common genetic and environmental influences on the phenotypes were estimated by applying structural equation modeling.Results:The prevalence of MD/GAD was 30%, CF 8%, and DP due to mood and neurotic diagnoses 3% in 2010. Genetic effects on MD/GAD explained 31% of the total genetic variation in DP, whereas genetic contributions in common with CF were small and not significant. The majority of the total non-shared environmental variance in DP (85%) was explained by the factors that were unique to DP.Conclusions:Large proportions of genetic and non-shared environmental influences in DP due to mood and neurotic diagnoses were not explained by the contributions from MD/GAD or CF. The results suggest that the process leading to DP is complex and influenced by factors other than those related to the disorder underlying DP.

Heritability of Motor Skill

1980 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. T. Williams ◽  
J. B. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Balance Task ◽  
And Performance

A total of 22 monozygotic (MZ) and 41 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs were given 72 trials on a stabilometer balance task over six days to study the extent of the genetic contribution to learning and performance of a gross motor skill. The expectations that interindividual differences would be less for the MZ than for the DZ twins and that intraindividual variability would not be different between the two groups were supported. Intraclass correlations were used to provide estimates for the proportions of total phenotypic variance accounted for by heritability (h2), systematic environmental variance (E2), and nonsystematic environmental effects (e2). Heritability was found to be low during the early stages of learning, before it increased to stabilize at approximately 65% for the remaining practice. E2 was highest during these early stages (24%), then declined quickly to stabilize at half that level. Error variance (e2) constituted the remaining variance. Learning profiles of the twin pairs were also analyzed, with a greater intrapair resemblance being found for the MZ twins. The present findings indicate that, for gross motor skills, there is considerable potential for influencing both the levels of performance (and learning) and the differences between individuals by judicious use of systematic environmental effects.

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