scholarly journals Global history of science as a knowledge resource for the Anthropocene

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Schemmel
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Knowledge Resource ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Science In Society ◽  
Industrial Societies

Non-technical summary The article addresses the role of science in the present global ecological crisis, both as a factor in bringing it about and as a means to confront it. It is argued that the history of science, pursued in a global and long-term perspective, is an important knowledge resource for understanding the development of science in society. Pivotal episodes from that history, ranging from the origin of science in antiquity via the early modern scientific revolution to recent developments in industrial societies, are discussed with a particular emphasis on the case of China and with a view to the present crisis.

scholarly journals Frankenstein de Mary Shelley, o Filme: Um recurso para introdução da História da Ciência no Ensino de Ciências na visão de graduandos

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
André Silva dos Reis ◽  
Maria Dulcimar de Brito Silva
Keyword(s):  
Science Teaching ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Mary Shelley ◽  
Visual Media ◽  
Visual Impression ◽  
Teaching Resource ◽  
History Of ◽  
Science In Society

ResumoEste estudo visa analisar o filme Frankenstein de Mary Shelley a partir da visão de graduandos, para que o mesmo venha a ser empregado como recurso midiático para uma abordagem introdutória da História da Ciência no ensino. Para tanto, oito monitores de Química do Centro de Ciências e Planetário, graduandos de licenciatura em Química, assistiram ao filme, em seguida, realizaram uma sinopse e, posteriormente, e responderam a um questionário. As respostas apontaram que o filme consegue transpor a ideia do que era ser um cientista e como a Ciência se desenvolvia. Pontuam também vários temas que podem ser levantados pelos professores relacionados ao papel da ciência na sociedade. Isso mostra como mídias visuais são recursos dinâmicos para uma abordagem introdutória, visto que, além de narrar os fatos, fica gravado na mente dos alunos a impressão visual de como a ciência foi desenvolvida ao longo dos séculos. Palavras-chave: História da Ciência; Ensino de Ciências; Recurso didático.AbstractThis study aims to analyze the film Frankenstein from undergraduate vision, so that it will be used as a media resource for an introductory approach to the History of Science in teaching. Therefore, eight trainees of Chemical Sciences and Planetary Center, undergraduate students in chemistry, watched the film, and then held a synopsis and then answered a questionnaire. The answers showed that the film manages to transpose the idea of what was to be a scientist and a science developed. Also punctuate several issues that can be raised by teachers related to the role of science in society. This shows how visual media are dynamic resources for an introductory approach view that in addition to narrating the facts is engraved in the minds of students the visual impression of how science has developed over the centuries.Keywords: History of Science; Science Teaching; Teaching resource.

Editing Faraday

2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. J. L. James
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Especial Reference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Science In Society

This article considers the role of publishing the correspondence and papers of individual scientists, especially Michael Faraday's, in the history of science. In turn, the issue of how the history of science fits into general history is discussed with especial reference to the centrality of science in modern society and culture, through education and textbook histories, but is currently generally unrecognized as such. The demonstration of its centrality through modern history of science should foster a much stronger understanding of the position of science in society.

scholarly journals Learning by the book: manuals and handbooks in the history of science

BJHS Themes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Angela N.H. Creager ◽  
Mathias Grote ◽  
Elaine Leong
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Book History ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Medieval China ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Europe

AbstractThis essay offers an overview of how manuals and handbooks have contributed to the standardization, codification, transmission and revision of knowledge. These instructional and reference texts are distinct from related educational genres such as textbooks and editions due to their focus on practical knowledge. They are also notable for their appearance in diverse times and places, such as ancient Greece, early and medieval China and early modern Europe, as well as modern contexts worldwide. We are especially interested in the role of these often mundane texts in maintaining and resituating old knowledge, whose importance is discounted when scholars focus on innovation. Modern notions of authorship fit poorly with handbooks and manuals, which are generally derivative of other literature, though they often result in more commercially successful texts than their sources. This introduction draws on book history as well as history of science to offer a framework for the volume.

scholarly journals The Historical Role of Leviticus 25 in Naturalizing Anti-Black Racism

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 570
Author(s):  
James W. Watts
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
Permanent Property

Leviticus 25:39–46 describes a two-tier model of slavery that distinguishes Israelites from foreign slaves. It requires that Israelites be indentured only temporarily while foreigners can be enslaved as chattel (permanent property). This model resembles the distinction between White indentured slaves and Black chattel slaves in the American colonies. However, the biblical influence on these early modern practices has been obscured by the rarity of citations of Lev. 25:39–46 in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century sources about slavery. This article reviews the history of slavery from ancient Middle Eastern antiquity through the seventeenth century to show the unique degree to which early modern institutions resembled the biblical model. It then exposes widespread knowledge of Leviticus 25 in early modern political and economic debates. Demonstrating this awareness shows with high probability that colonial cultures presupposed the two-tier model of slavery in Leviticus 25:39–46 to naturalize and justify their different treatment of White indentured slaves and Black chattel slaves.

scholarly journals “Industrious Revolution” Revisited: A Variety of Diligence Derived from a Long-Term Local History of Kuta in Kyô-Otagi, a Former County in Japan

Histories ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-121
Author(s):  
Satoshi Murayama ◽  
Hiroko Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Local History ◽  
The Self ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Original Theory ◽  
Self Reliance ◽  
History Of

Jan de Vries revised Akira Hayami’s original theory of the “Industrious Revolution” to make the idea more applicable to early modern commercialization in Europe, showcasing the development of the rural proletariat and especially the consumer revolution and women’s emancipation on the way toward an “Industrial Revolution.” However, Japanese villages followed a different path from the Western trajectory of the “Industrious Revolution,” which is recognized as the first step to industrialization. This article will explore how a different form of “industriousness” developed in Japan, covering medieval, early modern, and modern times. It will first describe why the communal village system was established in Japan and how this unique institution, the self-reliance system of a village, affected commercialization and industrialization and was sustained until modern times. Then, the local history of Kuta Village in Kyô-Otagi, a former county located close to Kyoto, is considered over the long term, from medieval through modern times. Kuta was not directly affected by the siting of new industrial production bases and the changes brought to villages located nearer to Kyoto. A variety of diligent interactions with living spaces is introduced to demonstrate that the industriousness of local women was characterized by conscience-driven perseverance.

Effects of long-term chloroquine administration on the natural history of aortic aneurysms in mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 641-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azza Ramadan ◽  
Mark D. Wheatcroft ◽  
Adrian Quan ◽  
Krishna K. Singh ◽  
Fina Lovren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Aortic Aneurysms ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Abdominal Aortic ◽  
Suprarenal Aorta ◽  
History Of ◽  
Categorical Distribution

Autophagy regulates cellular homeostasis and integrates the cellular pro-survival machinery. We investigated the role of autophagy in the natural history of murine abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). ApoE−/− mice were implanted with saline- or angiotensin II (Ang-II)-filled miniosmotic pumps then treated with either the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ; 50 mg·(kg body mass)–1·day–1, by intraperitoneal injection) or saline. Ang-II-elicited aneurysmal expansion of the suprarenal aorta coupled with thrombus formation were apparent 8 weeks later. CQ had no impact on the incidence (50% for Ang-II compared with 46.2% for Ang-II + CQ; P = NS) and categorical distribution of aneurysms. The markedly reduced survival rate observed with Ang-II (57.1% for Ang-II compared with 100% for saline; P < 0.05) was unaffected by CQ (61.5% for Ang-II + CQ; P = NS compared with Ang-II). CQ did not affect the mean maximum suprarenal aortic diameter (1.91 ± 0.19 mm for Ang-II compared with 1.97 ± 0.21 mm for Ang-II + CQ; P = NS). Elastin fragmentation, collagen accumulation, and smooth muscle attrition, which were higher in Ang-II-treated mice, were unaffected by CQ treatment. Long-term CQ administration does not affect the natural history and prognosis of experimental AAA, suggesting that global loss of autophagy is unlikely to be a causal factor in the development of aortic aneurysms. Manipulation of autophagy as a mechanism to reduce AAA may need re-evaluation.

scholarly journals Between communism and capitalism: long-term inequality in Poland, 1892–2015

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Bukowski ◽  
Filip Novokmet
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Capital Income ◽  
Sharp Rise ◽  
Long Run ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Distribution Of Income

AbstractWe construct the first consistent series on the long-term distribution of income in Poland by combining tax, household survey and national accounts data. We document a U-shaped evolution of inequalities from the end of the nineteenth century until today: (1) inequality was high before WWII; (2) abruptly fell after the introduction of communism in 1947 and stagnated at low levels during the whole communist period; (3) experienced a sharp rise with the return to capitalism in 1989. We find that official survey-based measures strongly under-estimate the rise in inequality since 1989. Our results highlight the prominent role of capital income in driving the U-shaped evolution of top income shares. The unique inequality history of Poland speaks to the central role of institutions and policies in shaping inequality in the long run.

Archaeology of a Piece of Gondwanaland

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Sand
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Human Settlement ◽  
European Contact ◽  
Cultural Complex ◽  
Geological Diversity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Colonial Settlement

New Caledonia is the southern-most archipelago of Melanesia. Its unique geological diversity, as part of the old Gondwana plate, has led to specific pedological and floral environments that have, since first human settlement, influenced the ways Pacific Islanders have occupied and used the landscape. This essay presents some of the key periods of the nearly 3,000 years of pre-colonial human settlement. After having presented a short history of archaeological research in New Caledonia, the essay focuses first on the Lapita foundation, which raises questions of long-term contacts and cultural change. The second part details the unique specificities developed during the “Traditional Kanak Cultural Complex,” during the millennium predating first European contact, as well as highlighting the massive changes brought by the introduction of new diseases, in the decades before the colonial settlement era. This leads to questions about archaeological history and the role of archaeology in the present decolonizing context.

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