Schools for the Poor in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Devon: Towards an Explanation of Variations in Local Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 307-323
Author(s):  
Frances Billinge ◽  
Gail Ham ◽  
Judith Moss ◽  
Julia Neville
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Elementary School ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Local Development ◽  
School Development ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Local Sources

This article analyses elementary school development in three contrasting Devon communities during the mid-nineteenth century. This was a time of intense interest in the expansion of education amongst the labouring poor, but scholars have found it difficult to explain why schools were established in some places but not in others. With information from local sources, the authors have been able to identify the social context in which developments did (or did not) take place and the actions of the relevant interested parties. They argue that a significant variable accounting for success or failure is the availability of a local champion with the skills not only to persuade others of the merits of a school, but also to seize opportunities to further the project and manage the relationships necessary to assure its success.

scholarly journals PENDEKATAN KONSTRUKTIVIS SOSIAL DALAM PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR IPS DI SD KELAS IV

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Elsinora Mahananingtyas
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Class Action ◽  
Social Constructivist ◽  
School Age ◽  
Constructivist Approach ◽  
Elementary School Age ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Constructivist Approach

Learners at elementary school age generally have a concept that is rich, but not systematically, not organized and spontaneous. With a skilled supervisor dialogue together, then learners can develop the concepts that are more systematic, logical, and rational. A social constructivist approach stresses the social context in learning that knowledge is constructed and built together with the teacher or friend of the more skilled colleagues. The purpose of this research is to improve or enhance quality (quality) were learning in class by applying the social constructivist approach at grade IV in the primary Christian Advent of Ambon. The method of this research is a type of class action Research with 4 stages, namely planning, implementation, observation and reflection. The results of this research that is happening gradual classical on the learners of the cycle I meeting 1 to 2 meetings amounted to 6.6% of the cycle I of the meeting 1 of 59% to 65.6% in meeting 2. While the ketuntasan of classical learners on cycle II increased to 6.8% in cycle II meeting 1 of 77.2% to 84%. Cycle II whole learners, prepared with a value above the KKM i.e. 15 learners or 100% complete

Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Richard Owen and monotreme oviparity.

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Richard Owen ◽  
Initial Description ◽  
Social Conservatives

Most biologists, particularly Australian biologists, are aware that the initial description and attempts to classify the echidna and platypus were surrounded by controversy. Fewer are aware of the important roles played by two eminent scientists, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in Paris and Richard Owen in London, in the debate as to whether the platypus and echidna were really mammals, and whether they laid eggs. Geoffroy argued that they were egg-laying but could not possibly lactate; Owen argued that they lactated but could not possibly lay eggs. Because of these and many other aspects of their biology, monotremes featured prominently in debates about classification of animals and the transmutation of species, and involved many important scientists of the time. These arguments can only be understood in the context of the development of science in the late eighteenth and the nineteenth century, and how that was influenced by the social context. Early ideas of evolution, or transformism, were attractive to radical thinkers, whereas social conservatives were anxious to show that the boundaries between types of animals, just like the boundaries between social classes, were erected by God and could not be crossed.

Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: the social context of illegitimacy in rural Kent

Rural History ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Reay
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
General Phenomenon ◽  
Local Study ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

More bad history has been written about sex than any other subject. Our ignorance about the sexual attitudes and behaviour of people in the past is compounded by a desire to rush to rash generalisation. This is unfortunate, for (consciously or not) our perceptions of the present are shaped by our assumptions about the past. Britain's current preoccupation with ‘Victorian values’ is but a politically visible example of a more general phenomenon. And, more specifically, we do not know a great deal about lower-class sexuality in nineteenth-century England. There are studies of bourgeois desires and sensibilities, but little on the mores of the vast bulk of the population.As Jean Robin has demonstrated recently, one of the most fruitful approaches to the subject is the detailed local study – the micro-study. It may not appeal to those with a penchant for the broad sweep, but such an approach can provide a useful entry into the sexual habits of the people of the past. This article is intended as a follow-up to Robin's work. It deals with a part of rural Kent and, like Robin's work, it covers an aspect of nineteenth-century sexuality – in this case, the social context of illegitimacy. More particularly, this study (and here I differ from Robin) will question the usefulness of the concept of a ‘bastardy-prone sub-society’ (more of which later), a term still favoured by many historical sociologists. The experience of rural Kent suggests that bearing children outside marriage should be seen not as a form of deviancy but rather as part of normal sexual culture.

scholarly journals Ontario Retailers in the Early Twentieth Century: Dismantling the Social Bridge

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-227
Author(s):  
David Monod
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Working People ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Abstract This article explores the theory that late-nineteenth century and eary-twentieth century retailing served as an avenue to upward mobility. An examination of retailing in Ontario suggests two things: first, that shopkeeping was a deeply stratified occupation in which the poor remained marginalized at the bottom: and second, that over the course of the early twentieth century interest in retailing declined among working people as the business of storekeeping “professionalized”.

Alfred Russel Wallace, Robert Owen and the theory of natural selection

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRETA JONES
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Alfred Russel Wallace ◽  
The Social ◽  
Considerable Debate

Whereas there has been considerable debate about the social context of Darwin's theory of natural selection, much less focus has been placed upon Alfred Russel Wallace. This article looks at Wallace's socialism and, in particular, the influence upon his thought of the early nineteenth-century socialist Robert Owen. It argues that a case can be made for seeing Wallace's thought about nature and natural selection in the years up to 1858 in the context of Owenism. Three aspects of his thought are singled out for examination. These are, first, Wallace's views on the role of instinct in animal and human behaviour; second, the idea of colonization in human society and in nature; and third, a re-examination of the role of Malthus in Wallace's thought, emphasizing the influence upon him of the early nineteenth-century socialist critique of Malthusianism.

From Kate Sanborn to Feminist Psychology: The Social Context of Women's Humor, 1885–1985

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Sheppard
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Feminist Psychology ◽  
Feminist History ◽  
Psychology Of Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
Theoretical Psychology ◽  
Women's Humor ◽  
Theoretical Developments

While current feminists are calling for a theoretical psychology of women, the present paper suggests that its foundation can be found in the writings of certain nineteenth-century women. Their conclusions, drawn from a different era and assuming contrasting social science paradigms, parallel and anticipate modern discoveries. This paper examines the work of Kate Sanborn (1839–1917), who edited an anthology of women's humor and crusaded for 20 years to alter the stereotype of women's humorlessness. It is suggested that her work adds to our knowledge of feminist history, as well as presaging current theoretical developments in the psychology of women.

scholarly journals Managing Egypt’s Poor and the Politics of Benevolence, 1800-1952

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-126
Author(s):  
Gregory Starrett
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Religious Festivals ◽  
The Social ◽  
Poor Women

In Egypt and elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire, the social safety net representedby the extended family branched off in many directions. By Mamluktimes, it encompassed the patronage of wealthy and noble families who distributedfood to the poor on religious festivals and during times of hardship,and who sponsored the construction of bridges, waterworks, and publicfountains. In addition, mosques sometimes housed schools, soup kitchens,and hospitals; merchants regularly fed beggars; Sufi lodges housed travelers;and waqf endowments sponsored various religious and charitable activities.Ruling dynasties, including their women, created funds that sponsoredorphans’ homes, paid the dowries of poor women, and provided pensions forthe widows and children of soldiers killed in battle.As Ener shows in her valuable and carefully researched book, the valuesof ihsan (generosity) and sadaqah (almsgiving) have been applied accordingto ideas about charity’s legitimate beneficiaries (e.g., clerics, the poor,orphans, and women without family support). Ener traces the fortunes of thepoor, the changing constellation of institutions available for their relief, andthe transformation in Egyptian understanding of those entitled to such care.By the middle of the nineteenth century, the traditional “mixed economy”of relief (p. 9), which incorporated countless donors and institutions,operated alongside a more centralized set of interests and practices intendedto control poor people’s movement and activities. Such practices had notbeen common previously (p. 15) and appear to have been unique in theMiddle East (p. 29). Authorities began to distinguish between the deservingand the undesirable poor and sought to prevent able-bodied men fromencroaching on urban space as beggars or “fake” mendicants and from usingpublicly available forms of assistance. In nineteenth-century Cairo andAlexandria, such men and peasants “absconding” from the countrysidewere often arrested, sent back to their home regions, and pressed into involuntaryagricultural, industrial, or military service. The growing modern statewas increasingly interested in controlling crime, immigration, and the flowof disease through internationalized urban spaces ...

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