Appropriation, Integration, and Nation Building: Portuguese Railways in the Second Half of the Nineteenth and Early Years of the Twentieth Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-416
Author(s):  
Hugo Silveira Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
Rail Network ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Portuguese Economy ◽  
The Portuguese Economy ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn 1850, after three decades of political turmoil, Portugal started investing in major public works, particularly, in the construction of a national railway network. This strategy followed closely the suggestions of the Saint-Simonian technocrats with whom Portuguese engineers had been engaging since the 1820s. Additionally, it came in response to the longtime neglect suffered by the Portuguese transportation system, which hindered communications and trade between different areas of the kingdom and with neighboring Spain. The main goal of the investment was to modernize the national transport system, attract to Portuguese harbors a large portion of the traffic between Europe, Africa, and America, and, in general terms, put the nation on the path of progress. By the end of the nineteenth century, total mileage of the Portuguese rail network exceeded 2,300 km. This article analyzes the role of railways in the improvement of communications between the Portuguese provinces, their appropriation in a unified nation-state, the degree of integration of the Portuguese economy with the Spanish and European economies, and the construction/reinvention of Portugal as a modern and technological nation. To achieve these goals, I will use three key concepts: territorial appropriation, circulation, and globalization. Sources include statistics of railway operation and previous works analyzing the impact of railways on the Portuguese transport system and economy, the outcomes of operating transnational lines, and the importance of technology for the reinvention of Portugal during the second half of the nineteenth century.

Rail Network Planning Study in Shandong Province Based on Integrated Transportation System

2013 ◽  
Vol 361-363 ◽  
pp. 1941-1945
Author(s):  
Yun Xia Xie ◽  
Ru Hua Zhang ◽  
Jin Ping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Network Planning ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Rail Network ◽  
Railway Planning ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Impact

To build a comprehensive transportation system is an important measure to promote rapid and healthy development of the field of transportation. How to prepare railway network planning become an urgent problem, under the background of pursuing the integrated transport concept. Previous studies focus on the single transportation modes, to conduct railway planning. This paper first defines the overall transportation system, then studies the impact of integrated transport system to railway planning, and analyzes the Influencing factors, finally, makes railway network planning of Shandong province as an examples. This instance analyzes the problem of the Status quo railway, then introduces the integrated transport planning channels in Shandong Province, and proposes strategies under the influence of the concept of an integrated transport system, at last divides the railway network channels and plans the railway network in Shandong Province .

Voices from the Far North: Pauper Letters and the Provision of Welfare in Sutherland, 1845–1900

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jones ◽  
Steven King
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Far North ◽  
Clear Sense ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Official Sources ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fundamental Shift

AbstractThis article explores the changing relationship between paupers and the parish authorities in Tongue, in the far north of Scotland, between the passing of the Scottish New Poor Law in 1845 and the end of the nineteenth century. It does so by focusing on Scottish pauper letters and petitions for relief. Such sources, though relatively abundant in the archives, have so far been ignored by welfare historians. The article begins with a discussion of the trials of Tongue's poor crofting community in the early years of the century, the impact of widespread land clearance, and the dislocation of long-established communities. Following on from this, through a close reading of pauper appeals alongside other official sources the authors demonstrate that, despite persistent hardship and inadequate resources, the relationship between paupers and the parish authorities changed markedly over the period. An attitude of supplication and entreaty, rooted in Highland traditions of deference and reflective of a rigid social hierarchy, gave way to a clear sense of entitlement and an expectation that paupers' appeals would—indeed, must—be heard toward the end of the century. This fundamental shift mirrored, and was profoundly influenced by, wider agitation among crofting communities for change.

scholarly journals Fire takes no vacation: impact of fires on tourism

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Vladimir Otrachshenko ◽  
Luis C. Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
The World ◽  
Portuguese Economy ◽  
Increasing Risk ◽  
The Portuguese Economy ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Many Mediterranean-type climates around the world will face increased risks of wildfires as a consequence of climate change. In this study we consider the case of Portugal and estimate the impact of the increasing risk of forest fires on tourism. Using data for 278 municipalities for the 2000–2016 period, we find a considerable negative impact of burned areas on the number of tourist arrivals, both domestic and inbound. We go beyond the traditional impact analysis and provide predictions for 2030 and 2050. The estimated annual costs to the Portuguese economy due to the impact of burned areas in 2030 range between €17.03 and 24.18 million for domestic tourist arrivals and between €18.26 and 38.08 million for inbound ones. In 2050, those costs will increase at least fourfold. These findings underscore the importance of taking the forest fire risks into account when planning local investments.

scholarly journals Railway Network of Romania’s Central Development Region: Current Situation and Evaluation of Development Plans Based on Graph Theory Model

1970 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csongor Máthé ◽  
Erika Tamási ◽  
Géza Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Graph Theory ◽  
Real Option ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
Rail Network ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Development Region ◽  
The Impact

The present study focuses on the Central Development Region in Romania and attempts to highlight the deficiencies of the regional railway network, as well as to scientifically analyse the impact of new lines designed in the region. The current regional rail network is greatly determined by the historical development process of the railway, and therefore, in the first section, the most notable causes, milestones, and historical factors have been summarized. The goal of this paper has been to evaluate the current situation of the Central Region’s rail network and investigate the potential processes entailed by the line designed between Tîrgu Mureş and Sighişoara. For this, at first, some quantitative and qualitative analyses as well, including traffic and travel speed measurements have been carried out. Finally, using the analysis capabilities offered by the application of graph theory, we had the opportunity to perform a simulation with the planned rail line. Our conclusion is that the improvement of the Tîrgu Mureş rail accessibility toward Braşov could be considered as a real option, especially, as in the near feature, the motorway connection between these two important Transylvanian cities will be built, which will represent a huge challenge for the rail transport on this axis.

Patent Growth in the Old Dominion: The Impact of Railroad Integration before 1880

1992 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Endogenous Growth ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
The State ◽  
Rail Network ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Endogenous growth theories suggest that market integration will be more conducive to economic development when the previously isolated regions have large stocks of human capital. This paper uses the level of per capita patenting in nineteenth-century Virginia to measure this human capital. By the end of the 1870s, the rail network of the Old Dominion was rapidly being integrated with the rest of the nation. Inventiveness spread throughout northern Virginia, but the former plantation areas of the state fell behind.

Economic crisis and the image of Portugal as a tourist destination: the restaurants’ perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 480-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Manuel Esteves
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Content Type ◽  
International Financial Crisis ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Portuguese Economy ◽  
The Portuguese Economy ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the effects of the international financial crisis on the food and beverage sector in Portugal, and the impact of a steep increase in the tax burden on this sector’s activity, together with the wider effects on the economy, enterprises and tourism in Portugal. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses information drawn from official national information sources, together with other empirical data. Findings – The international financial crisis has caused severe damage to the food and beverage sector in Portugal. Since 2008, it has recorded successive reductions in key indicators: number of enterprises, employed persons and turnover. Besides this effect, the sharp rise in the tax burden has caused serious damage to the sector, leading to the closure of thousands of businesses, and the loss of thousands of jobs. The conjugation of these two factors, the economic and financial crisis and the increase in taxes caused serious disruption in the operation of businesses and the market as a whole. Practical implications – It is hoped that this analysis (among others) will lead to a reduction in the tax burden on the food and beverage sector of the tourism industry. It is argued that this is an impediment to progress. Originality/value – This article concludes that the current tax burden is undermining one of the main sectors of the Portuguese economy, which is vital to the country’s recovery. If it remains, there will be serious consequences for the image of Portugal, in terms of its tourism offer, its gastronomy and the excellence of service that is provided.

Earnings and education in Portugal, 1985-1991

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 586-608
Author(s):  
João Sousa Andrade ◽  
Adelaide Duarte ◽  
Marta C.N. Simões
Keyword(s):  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Earnings Distribution ◽  
Portuguese Economy ◽  
The Portuguese Economy ◽  
Measures Of Inequality

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the distributions of earnings and education in Portugal in the early years of European integration, 1985 and 1991, a period when Portugal experienced strong nominal convergence following EU accession. Design/methodology/approach – The paper explores the information provided by relative distribution analysis and covariate (education) decomposition to study the dynamics of the earnings distribution since these methodologies allow for the identification of polarization patterns that might have occurred over the period. More standard methodological instruments are also used as a reference: cardinal measures of inequality and the Lorenz stochastic dominance approach. Findings – The median and average earnings of employees increased and there was also a rise in earnings inequality. Relative to 1985, in 1991 there were more employees with very low earnings but also more 1991 employees with high earnings and there were also more employees at the bottom and top ends of the earnings distribution. The analysis of the relative earnings distribution by level of education reveals substantial differences for the top end of the distributions with the proportion of 1991 employees receiving the highest earnings higher than for the original 1985 cohort. A regional disaggregation confirms that the overall employees’ earnings and education distributions characteristics are determined by the behaviour of coastal regions, while in the non-coastal regions a lower level of inequality is associated with lower levels of median and average earnings and a different polarization pattern. Originality/value – The paper shows that inequality is not a recent phenomenon in the Portuguese economy and thus might be one of the sources of the growth slowdown Portugal is experiencing since the turn of the century and might continue to hamper growth in the future deserving deeper investigation.

scholarly journals Development of Transport in Eastern Regions of Russia

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.38) ◽  
pp. 587
Author(s):  
Konstantin Tsvetkov ◽  
Vladimir Slepov ◽  
Vladimir Sekerin ◽  
Vladimir Gayduk ◽  
Anna Gorokhova
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Far East ◽  
The State ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Regions Of Russia

This article considers the issues on forming the Russian transport system, and the impact of distance and climate on the transport development. Special attention is paid to the role of railway transport in the country’s transport system, the state and development of rolling stock, and the development of track equipment. Considerable attention is paid to the development of transport and the railway network in the Far East and Siberia. 

scholarly journals The Telegraphic Revolution: Speed, Space and Time in the Nineteenth Century*

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-76
Author(s):  
Jean-Michel Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Modern Germany ◽  
Revolution Speed ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Space Compression ◽  
Perceived Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Market Capitalism

Abstract This article investigates the impact of the ‘communications revolution’ upon experiences of time and space during the nineteenth century. Focusing upon the first three decades of telegraphic communication, it unpacks the assumptions underlying linear narratives of ‘acceleration’ and ‘time-space compression’ to understand the roots of Germany’s fraught relationship to modernity. In doing so, it highlights the importance of the changes which took place between the 1848 revolutions and the early years of the Kaiserreich and which laid the foundations for the peculiarities of the Wilhelmine Era. During this period, it argues, the perceived impact of telegraphic communication, the ‘expansion’ or ‘contraction’ of space and time, varied from one person and place to another, reflecting the technology’s progressive and uneven expansion across Germany. Access to new networks of communication was dependent upon, and in turn influenced, the changing status of individuals, towns and the countryside experiencing the forces of industrialization, market capitalism and globalization. Speed, space and time, as a result, became a measure of the divisions emerging in modern Germany.

Songs of the spirit from Dufftown

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-54
Author(s):  
Shelagh Noden
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Church Music ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Liturgical Music

Following the Scottish Catholic Relief Act of 1793, Scottish Catholics were at last free to break the silence imposed by the harsh penal laws, and attempt to reintroduce singing into their worship. At first opposed by Bishop George Hay, the enthusiasm for liturgical music took hold in the early years of the nineteenth century, but the fledgling choirs were hampered both by a lack of any tradition upon which to draw, and by the absence of suitable resources. To the rescue came the priest-musician, George Gordon, a graduate of the Royal Scots College in Valladolid. After his ordination and return to Scotland he worked tirelessly in forming choirs, training organists and advising on all aspects of church music. His crowning achievement was the production, at his own expense, of a two-volume collection of church music for the use of small choirs, which remained in use well into the twentieth century.

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