scholarly journals Spiritual Districts: The Origins and Dynamics of US Cities with Unusually High Concentrations of Parachurch Organizations

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher P. Scheitle ◽  
Erica J. Dollhopf ◽  
John D. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Districts ◽  
Organizational Leaders ◽  
Colorado Springs ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Public Charities ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Us Cities ◽  
Evangelical Protestant

Parachurch organizations are Christian, heavily evangelical Protestant, 501(c)(3) public charities focused on providing religious goods and services outside of any congregational or denominational sponsorship. The parachurch sector in the United States has been growing rapidly in recent decades, yet this growth has been highly uneven across communities. Many communities have very few parachurch organizations, while a few exhibit incredibly higher concentrations of them than would be expected based only upon their religious composition. Using IRS records, we isolate communities with the greatest concentrations of parachurch organizations, and then, drawing upon ideas developed in studies of industrial districts, we address this puzzle by exploring four of those communities, which we refer to as spiritual districts: Tulsa, Oklahoma; Nashville, Tennessee; Colorado Springs, Colorado; and Washington, D.C. We utilize interviews with organizational leaders and archival records to attempt to account for the makeup of and dynamics of each of the four unique clusters of parachurch organizations, concluding with a discussion of how understanding spiritual districts can contribute to greater understanding of the phenomenon of industrial districts.

THE INSTITUTIONAL EFFECTS OF LEADERSHIP: THE UNITED STATES GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE AND ITS AUDIT REPORT REVIEW PROCESS

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onker N. Basu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Review Process ◽  
Field Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organizational Leaders ◽  
Audit Report ◽  
The Public ◽  
General Accounting Office ◽  
Audit Team ◽  
The Impact

In accounting research, the role of organizational leaders has been underrepresented. The limited research dealing with leadership issues has focused on the impact of leadership on micro activities such as performance evaluation, budget satisfaction, and audit team performance. The impact of leadership on the structure of accounting and audit systems and organizations has been ignored. This paper focuses on the impact that past Comptrollers General have had on the working and structure of one federal audit agency, the United States General Accounting Office (GAO). In addition, it also focuses on the influence of the two most recent Comptrollers General on one important audit related activity, i.e., the audit report review process. Using qualitative field research methods, this paper documents how the organizational leadership impacts its long-term audit practices and thereby influences auditing, especially in the public sector.

scholarly journals Italianness in the United States between migrants’ informal gardening practices and agricultural diplomacy (1880–1912)

Modern Italy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Gilberto Mazzoli
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Food Production ◽  
East Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Us Cities ◽  
Political Radicalism

During the Age of Mass Migration more than four million Italians reached the United States. The experience of Italians in US cities has been widely explored: however, the study of how migrants adjusted in relation to nature and food production is a relatively recent concern. Due to a mixture of racism and fear of political radicalism, Italians were deemed to be undesirable immigrants in East Coast cities and American authorities had long perceived Italian immigrants as unclean, unhealthy and carriers of diseases. As a flipside to this narrative, Italians were also believed to possess a ‘natural’ talent for agriculture, which encouraged Italian diplomats and politicians to propose the establishment of agricultural colonies in the southern United States. In rural areas Italians could profit from their agricultural skills and finally turn into ‘desirable immigrants’. The aim of this paper is to explore this ‘emigrant colonialism’ through the lens of environmental history, comparing the Italian and US diplomatic and public discourses on the potential and limits of Italians’ agricultural skills.

scholarly journals Relating Mandates in the United States for Managing the Ocean to Ecosystem Goods and Services Demonstrates Broad but Varied Coverage

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christy M. Foran ◽  
Jason S. Link ◽  
Wesley S. Patrick ◽  
Leah Sharpe ◽  
Matthew D. Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ecosystem Goods And Services ◽  
Goods And Services

scholarly journals High concentrations of coarse particles emitted from a cattle feeding operation

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 8809-8823 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Hiranuma ◽  
S. D. Brooks ◽  
J. Gramann ◽  
B. W. Auvermann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Cattle Feeding ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Organic Particles

Abstract. Housing roughly 10 million head of cattle in the United States alone, open air cattle feedlots represent a significant but poorly constrained source of atmospheric particles. Here we present a comprehensive characterization of physical and chemical properties of particles emitted from a large representative cattle feedlot in the Southwest United States. In the summer of 2008, measurements and samplings were conducted at the upwind and downwind edges of the facility. A series of far-field measurements and samplings was also conducted 3.5 km north of the facility. Two instruments, a GRIMM Sequential Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and a GRIMM Portable Aerosol Spectrometer (PAS), were used to measure particle size distributions over the range of 0.01 to 25 μm diameter. Raman microspectroscopy was used to determine the chemical composition of particles on a single particle basis. Volume size distributions of dust were dominated by coarse mode particles. Twenty-four hour averaged concentrations of PM10 (particulate matter with a diameter of 10 μm or less) were as high as 1200 μg m−3 during the campaign. The primary constituents of the particulate matter were carbonaceous materials, such as humic acid, water soluble organics, and less soluble fatty acids, including stearic acid and tristearin. A significant fraction of the organic particles was present in internal mixtures with salts. Basic characteristics such as size distribution and composition of agricultural aerosols were found to be different than the properties of those found in urban and semi-urban aerosols. Failing to account for such differences may lead to errors in estimates of aerosol effects on local air quality, visibility, and public health.

scholarly journals Identifying National Availability of Abortion Care and Distance From Major US Cities: Systematic Online Search (Preprint)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice F Cartwright ◽  
Mihiri Karunaratne ◽  
Jill Barr-Walker ◽  
Nicole E Johns ◽  
Ushma D Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Online Information ◽  
Medical Procedure ◽  
Online Search ◽  
Facility Locations ◽  
Medication Abortion ◽  
Abortion Care ◽  
Online Searches ◽  
Us Cities

BACKGROUND Abortion is a common medical procedure, yet its availability has become more limited across the United States over the past decade. Women who do not know where to go for abortion care may use the internet to find abortion facility information, and there appears to be more online searches for abortion in states with more restrictive abortion laws. While previous studies have examined the distances women must travel to reach an abortion provider, to our knowledge no studies have used a systematic online search to document the geographic locations and services of abortion facilities. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to describe abortion facilities and services available in the United States from the perspective of a potential patient searching online and to identify US cities where people must travel the farthest to obtain abortion care. METHODS In early 2017, we conducted a systematic online search for abortion facilities in every state and the largest cities in each state. We recorded facility locations, types of abortion services available, and facility gestational limits. We then summarized the frequencies by region and state. If the online information was incomplete or unclear, we called the facility using a mystery shopper method, which simulates the perspective of patients calling for services. We also calculated distance to the closest abortion facility from all US cities with populations of 50,000 or more. RESULTS We identified 780 facilities through our online search, with the fewest in the Midwest and South. Over 30% (236/780, 30.3%) of all facilities advertised the provision of medication abortion services only; this proportion was close to 40% in the Northeast (89/233, 38.2%) and West (104/262, 39.7%). The lowest gestational limit at which services were provided was 12 weeks in Wyoming; the highest was 28 weeks in New Mexico. People in 27 US cities must travel over 100 miles (160 km) to reach an abortion facility; the state with the largest number of such cities is Texas (n=10). CONCLUSIONS Online searches can provide detailed information about the location of abortion facilities and the types of services they provide. However, these facilities are not evenly distributed geographically, and many large US cities do not have an abortion facility. Long distances can push women to seek abortion in later gestations when care is even more limited.

scholarly journals Non-targeted Screening of Commercial CBD Products in the United States Reveals Common Contamination and Adulteration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Orsburn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Data ◽  
Accurate Mass ◽  
Targeted Screening ◽  
Accurate Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
High Resolution Accurate Mass

AbstractThe production of hemp and products derived from these plants that contain zero to trace amounts of the psychoactive cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabidiol (THC) is a rapidly growing new market in the United States. The most common products today contain relatively high concentrations of the compound cannabidiol (CBD). Recent studies have investigated commercial CBD products using targeted assays and have found varying degrees of misrepresentation and contamination of these products. To expand on previous studies, we demonstrate the application of non-targeted screening by high resolution accurate mass spectrometry to more comprehensively identify potential adulterants and contaminants. We find evidence to support previous conclusions that CBD products are commonly misrepresented in terms of cannabinoid concentrations present. Specifically, we observe a wide variation in relative THC concentrations across the product tested, with some products containing 10-fold more relative signal than others. In addition, we find that several products appear to be purposely adulterated with over the counter drugs such as caffeine and melatonin. We also observe multiple small molecule contaminants that are typically linked to improper production or packaging methods in food or pharmaceutical production. Finally, we present high resolution accurate mass spectrometry data and tandem MS/MS fragments supporting the presence of trace amounts of fluorofentanyl in a single mail order CBD product. We conclude that the CBD industry would benefit from more robust testing regulations and that the cannabis testing industry, in general, would benefit from the use of non-targeted screening technologies.

Leveraging Intergenerational Diversity to Meet Business Goals

2012 ◽  
pp. 386-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherita L. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
The United States ◽  
Generational Cohorts ◽  
Organizational Leaders ◽  
Multigenerational Workforce ◽  
Generational Diversity ◽  
Business Goals ◽  
Age Cohort

In recent years, the concept of generational diversity has gained increasing recognition in the United States. Each generation is shaped by historical, social, and cultural events that are unique to that particular age cohort. The purpose of this chapter is to help scholars, researchers, organizational leaders, practitioners, and graduate students understand diversity among generational cohorts and employ practices to utilize the wealth of knowledge that exists within today’s multigenerational workforce. This chapter will describe the four generations in today’s workplace and discuss gaps that can cause conflict. This chapter also provides tips and best practices for leveraging intergenerational diversity as well as scenarios and examples that demonstrate best practices. The result is a cohesive and productive workplace that respects multigenerational perspectives.

Relationship Between Second Life and the U.S. Economy

2010 ◽  
pp. 82-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemarie Reynolds ◽  
Yusuke Ishikawa ◽  
Amanda Macchiarella
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Second Life ◽  
Federal Reserve ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Financial Data ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

Second Life is a virtual world designed to be a free, laissez-faire market economy in which Linden Dollars are used to buy and sell goods and services. This study investigated the relationship between the economies of Second Life and the United States, using financial data collected from Linden Lab and the Federal Reserve. Partial correlation analyses were computed between two pairs of economic measures, and our results indicated that there was a significant relationship between the two economies.

scholarly journals Ophthalmic medication price variation across the United States: Anti-inflammatory medications

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 251584141986363
Author(s):  
Anthony T. Scott ◽  
Paula E. Pecen ◽  
Alan G. Palestine
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sodium Phosphate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Prednisolone Acetate ◽  
Loteprednol Etabonate ◽  
Price Variation ◽  
Drug Prices ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Us Cities

Background: Cost-related nonadherence to medication can impact ophthalmic treatment outcomes. We aimed to determine whether medication prices vary between US cities and between different types of pharmacies within one city. Methods: We conducted a phone survey of eight nationwide and five independent pharmacies in five cities across the United States: Boston, Massachusetts; Charlotte, North Carolina; Denver, Colorado; Detroit, Michigan; and Seattle, Washington. A researcher called each pharmacy asking for price without insurance for four common anti-inflammatory ophthalmic medications: prednisolone acetate, prednisolone sodium phosphate, difluprednate (Durezol™), and loteprednol etabonate (Lotemax™). Results: Prednisolone sodium phosphate price could only be obtained by a small subset of pharmacies (45.2%) and was excluded from additional analysis; however, preliminary data demonstrated lower cost of prednisolone sodium phosphate over prednisolone acetate. Three-way analysis of variance revealed no interaction between pharmacy type (chain versus independent), city, and drug ( F = 0.40, p = 0.92). A significant interaction was identified between pharmacy type and drug ( F = 5.0, p = 0.008), but not city and pharmacy type ( F = 0.66, p = 0.62) or city and drug ( F = 0.27, p = 0.97). Average drug prices were lower at independent pharmacies compared with chain pharmacies for difluprednate (US$211.36 versus US$216.85, F = 1.09, p = 0.297) and significantly lower for loteprednol etabonate (US$255.49 versus US$274.86, F = 14.7, p < 0.001). Prednisolone acetate was cheaper at chain pharmacies, but not statistically significantly cheaper (US$48.82 versus US$51.61, F = 0.34, p = 0.559). Conclusions: Medication prices do not differ significantly between US cities. High variation of drug prices within the same city demonstrates how comparison shopping can provide cost savings for patients and may reduce cost-related nonadherence.

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