Reconsidering the Conditions for Conducting Confirmatory Factor Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ondé ◽  
Jesús M. Alvarado
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Stable Solution ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulation Study ◽  
Factor Loadings ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

Abstract There is a series of conventions governing how Confirmatory Factor Analysis gets applied, from minimum sample size to the number of items representing each factor, to estimation of factor loadings so they may be interpreted. In their implementation, these rules sometimes lead to unjustified decisions, because they sideline important questions about a model’s practical significance and validity. Conducting a Monte Carlo simulation study, the present research shows the compensatory effects of sample size, number of items, and strength of factor loadings on the stability of parameter estimation when Confirmatory Factor Analysis is conducted. The results point to various scenarios in which bad decisions are easy to make and not detectable through goodness of fit evaluation. In light of the findings, these authors alert researchers to the possible consequences of arbitrary rule following while validating factor models. Before applying the rules, we recommend that the applied researcher conduct their own simulation studies, to determine what conditions would guarantee a stable solution for the particular factor model in question.

scholarly journals The Pandemic Coping Scale – Factorial Validity and Reliability of a Brief Measure of Coping During a Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annett Lotzin ◽  
Ronja Ketelsen ◽  
Sven Buth ◽  
Linda Krause ◽  
Ann-Kathrin Ozga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Factorial Validity ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Factor Loadings ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Coping Scale

Abstract Background: This study aimed to assess the factorial validity and reliability of the Pandemic Coping Scale, a new brief measure of coping behavior in response to the stressors of a pandemic. Methods: The scale was administered to N = 2,316 German participants during the COVID-19 pandemic. An exploratory and a confirmatory factor analysis were applied among two random splits of the sample. The global goodness of fit (χ², RMSEA, SRMR, CFI, TLI), the local goodness of fit (factor loadings, communalities, factor reliability, discriminant validity), and test quality criteria (internal consistency, item discrimination, and difficulty) were evaluated for two models (Model 1: four-factor model; Model 2: four-factor model combined with a second-order general factor). Results: The exploratory factor analysis suggested a four-factor solution with factor loadings accounting for 44.6% of the total variance (Factor 1 ‘Healthy Lifestyle’, Factor 2 ‘Joyful Activities’, Factor 3 ‘Daily Structure’, Factor 4 ‘Prevention Adherence’). The confirmatory factor analysis showed a sufficient global fit for both specified models (Model 1: χ² (59, N =1172) = 366.97, p < .001, RMSEA = .067, SRMR = .043, CFI = .926, TLI = .902; Model 2: χ² (61, N = 1172) = 373.33, p < .001, RMSEA = .066, SRMR = .043, CFI = .925, TLI = .904). Model 1 and Model 2 did not significantly differ in their fit to the data (∆χ² (2, N = 1172) = 6.36, p = .042). Local goodness of fit indices were similar for both models and mostly showed moderate to large factor loadings, and good factor reliabilities except for ‘Prevention Adherence’. Conclusion: The Pandemic Coping Scale showed sufficient factorial validity for the four measured dimensions of coping and reliability for the scales except for ‘Prevention Adherence’ to assess coping during the current COVID-19 pandemic. The ‘Prevention Adherence’ subscale might be improved by adding items with higher item difficulties.

Maladaptive and Adaptive Cognitions About the Self and Others: Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Brief Core Schemas Scales

2022 ◽  
pp. 003329412110636
Author(s):  
Bruno Faustino
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Self ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
Portuguese Population ◽  
Dysfunctional Cognitions ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

The presence of dysfunctional cognitions about how individuals see themselves and others is a hallmark of psychopathology. The Brief Core Schemas Scale (BCSS) was developed to evaluate adaptive and dysfunctional beliefs about the self and others. This study describes the first psychometric analysis of the BCSS in the Portuguese population. Participants were recruited from community ( N = 320, Mage=27.31, DP = 12.75). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to confirm the BCSS factorial structure. Four-factor model revealed moderate to adequate goodness-of-fit indices (χ2/df = 717.1, (246) p = .01; SRMR = .044; RMSEA = .077; CFI/TLI < .90). Negative views of the self and others correlated positively with early maladaptive schemas, distress, and symptomatology and correlated negatively with psychological well-being. An inversed correlational pattern was found with the positive views of the self and others. Despite the model's moderate adherence to the data, results suggest that the BCSS may be an asset in the assessment of dysfunctional and adaptive cognitions about the self and others. Further analysis is required to deepen the psychometric properties of the BCSS in the Portuguese population.

The Self-Transcendence Scale

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gørill Haugan ◽  
Toril Rannestad ◽  
Helge Garåsen ◽  
Randi Hammervold ◽  
Geir Arild Espnes
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Self ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Fit Index

Purpose: Self-transcendence, the ability to expand personal boundaries in multiple ways, has been found to provide well-being. The purpose of this study was to examine the dimensionality of the Norwegian version of the Self-Transcendence Scale, which comprises 15 items. Background: Reed’s empirical nursing theory of self-transcendence provided the theoretical framework; self-transcendence includes an interpersonal, intrapersonal, transpersonal, and temporal dimension. Design: Cross-sectional data were obtained from a sample of 202 cognitively intact elderly patients in 44 Norwegian nursing homes. Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed two and four internally consistent dimensions of self-transcendence, explaining 35.3% (two factors) and 50.7% (four factors) of the variance, respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the hypothesized two- and four-factor models fitted better than the one-factor model (c x2, root mean square error of approximation, standardized root mean square residual, normed fit index, nonnormed fit index, comparative fit index, goodness-of-fit index, and adjusted goodness-of-fit index). Conclusions: The findings indicate self-transcendence as a multifactorial construct; at present, we conclude that the two-factor model might be the most accurate and reasonable measure of self-transcendence. Implications: This research generates insights in the application of the widely used Self-Transcendence Scale by investigating its psychometric properties by applying a confirmatory factor analysis. It also generates new research-questions on the associations between self-transcendence and well-being.

scholarly journals Psychometric properties of the HEXACO-PI-R self-evaluation form in Slovak translation

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Elena Lisá ◽  
◽  
Michael Dzúrik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

The study aimed to verify the psychometric properties of the 100-item HEXACO-PI-R questionnaire. The sample consisted of 1624 adults aged from 16 to 79 years (M=34.5, SD=13.35) who filled the paper-pen self-report form of the HEXACO-PI-R. The average internal consistency of the six factors was α=.78 (from .72 for Openness to .81 for Honesty-Humility) and α=.60 for facets. The Altruism scale in the Slovak translation did not reach a satisfactory internal consistency (α=.29). Mean values in the Slovak-speaking sample were 3.29, and standard deviations .53 for factor level and .74 at the facet level. Sex differences showed the higher Emotionality (d=.99) and Honesty-Humility (d= .38) in women. Age differences in Honesty-Humility showed a medium effect size. Factors did not inter-correlate, or they correlated weakly, except for r=.34 in the relationship between Agreeableness and Honesty-Humility. The factors were well distinguished from one another. The exploratory factor analysis with Promax rotation confirmed the six-factor model, which explained in total 44% of data variance, with an average loading of .60. Individual one-factor models met most of the goodness of fit criteria in confirmatory factor analysis, but the six-factor model did not meet them. The controversy associated with assessing the internal structure of multidimensional personality inventories by confirmatory factor analysis is discussed. According to the currently published research studies, the research findings supported the reliability and internal validity of HEXACO-PI-R in Slovak translation.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS AND RESULTS: CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS THE MALAY VERSION OF DREEM INVENTORY WITH MEDICAL STUDENTS OF UNISZA, KUALA TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 338
Author(s):  
Mainul Haque ◽  
Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff ◽  
Md. Anwarul Azim Majumder ◽  
Zainal Zulkifli ◽  
Farah Hanani Binti Mohd Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

  Objectives: The DREEM inventory has been universally established as a generic instrument to assess health-related educational programs. There were some apprehensions regarding the psychometric properties of the DREEM raised in last few years. This study evaluated first ever the psychometric properties of the Bahasa Melayu version of the DREEM in a sample of Malaysian medical students.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried and universal sampling method was applied. Researchers selected 1-5th-year medical students of Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia, as study subjects. Researchers collected data through a guided self-administered questionnaire during a face-to-face session.Results: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the one factor model of DREEM-M (Model A), consisting 50 items were not fit, indicating it was a multidimensional instrument. On further CFA, it appeared that the proposed five-factor structure was not fit (Model B) as all the goodness-of-fit indices did not signify a model fit.Conclusions: The study findings revealed that the DREEM inventory 50-item inventory failed to achieve a model fit, but it demonstrated a high of internal consistency. The proposed 19-item DREEM-M revealed good model fit.

A confirmatory factor analysis of the structure of schizotypy

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Mason
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Factor Solution ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Three Factor

Recent research into schizotypal traits has been concerned with the number and nature of these personality dimensions. Earlier exploratory factor analytic work using a wide variety of scales (the CSTQ) has generated a four‐factor solution but other solutions have been provided by other investigators. This study uses confirmatory factor analysis on a large sample to compare several plausible models of the relationships between scales. These models include a two‐factor model separating ‘positive’ from ‘negative’ schizotypal features, a three‐factor model including features of cognitive disorganization, and the four‐factor model generated previously by exploratory factor analysis. Results offer support for the four‐factor solution as the only structure meeting multiple criteria for goodness of fit. The relevance of Eysenck's dimensions, and the P scale in particular, to the results is discussed. Attention is drawn to the possibility that the factors describe predispositions of risk of psychotic disorders beyond that of schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Therapist’s interpersonal style and therapy benefit as the determinants of personality self-reports in clients

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-145
Author(s):  
Nina Hadziahmetovic ◽  
Sabina Alispahic ◽  
Djenita Tuce ◽  
Enedina Hasanbegovic-Anic
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Interpersonal Style ◽  
Consistency Results ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Self Reports

Background/Aim. In (counter)transference relationship therapist?s interpersonal style, implying the perceived relation of therapist to a client (patient) in terms of control, autonomy, care and positive feedback, has been shown to be important. The aim of our study was to assess the relationship between therapist?s interpersonal style and clients? personality self-reports. Within therapist?s interpersonal style, preliminary validation of the Therapist?s Interpersonal Style Scale has been conducted, which included double translation method, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, as well as the reliability tests of the derived components. Methods. This research was conducted on a group of 206 clients, attending one of the four psychotherapy modalities: psychoanalysis, gestalt therapy, cognitive-behavioral and systemic family therapy. Beside Therapist?s Interpersonal Style Scale, Big Five Questionnaire and Therapy Benefit Scale were administered, showing good internal consistency. Results. Principal component analysis of therapist?s interpersonal style singled out two components Supportive Autonomy and Ignoring Control, explaining 42% of variance. Two-factor model of the therapist?s styles was better fitted in confirmatory factor analysis than the original 4-factor model. Structural model showing indirect and direct effects of therapist?s interpersonal styles on selfreports in clients indicates good fitness (?2(12) = 8.932, p = 0.709; goodness-of-fit index = 0.989), with Ignoring Control having direct effect on Stability, Supportive Autonomy on Therapy Benefit, and Therapy Benefit on Plasticity. Conclusion. The results of this study indicate the importance of further research on therapist?s interpersonal style, as well as further validation of the instrument that measures this construct. Besides, a client?s perception that the therapy is being helpful could instigate more explorative and approach-oriented behavior, what indirectly might contribute to a client?s stability.

Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size.

1988 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert W. Marsh ◽  
John R. Balla ◽  
Roderick P. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Fit Indexes
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