The Reinstatement Effect in Human Predictive Learning: Contextual Modulation and the Impact of Extinction Reminders

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Matías Gámez ◽  
Rodolfo Bernal-Gamboa
Keyword(s):  
Learning Task ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Clinical Perspective ◽  
Contextual Modulation ◽  
Specific Relationship ◽  
Predictive Learning ◽  
Response Recovery ◽  
The Impact

AbstractOne of the most relevant phenomena both from a theoretical and clinical perspective is extinction. In particular, several researchers are interested in the response recovery effects from extinction. Reinstatement is an effect that has been proposed as a laboratory model to study relapse from extinction-based therapeutic treatments. We designed two experiments with humans to evaluate the reinstatement effect in a predictive learning task. In both experiments, participants learned a specific relationship between two cues (X and Y) and two outcomes (O1 and O2) during the first phase. Throughout extinction, both cues were presented without outcomes. After an exposure to the original outcomes, reinstatement of the first-learned information was observed during testing in both experiments. However, we found that the reinstatement effect was contextual modulated (Experiment 1; ηp2 = .78, 90% CI [.48, .86], p < .0001). Furthermore, in Experiment 2 we showed a reduction of reinstatement when an extinction reminder was used ηp2 = .45, 90% CI [.07, .65], p = .012. Theoretical implications are discussed, and some potential uses are mentioned.

Experimentally Induced Single and Repeated Personal Name Confusions: The Impact of Phonological and Semantic Similarity

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 781-805
Author(s):  
Manuel Dupont
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Similarity ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Phonological Similarity ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Semantic Code ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
First Results ◽  
Phonological Similarities ◽  
The Impact

Three experiments investigated a common but intriguing phenomenon, that is, repeated personal name confusion, a phenomenon at the border between language and memory. The purpose of those experiments was to evaluate the impact of the semantic and phonological similarities on name confusion and to compare repeated naming confusions (i.e., repeatedly confounding two names) with single confusions (i.e., confounding two names only once) in a same experimental paradigm. In all experiments, participants (64 middle-aged participants for each experiment) were asked to memorize the association between 16 names and 16 faces (face-name learning task). In Experiments 1 and 2, the two studied variables were the phonological similarity between the confused names and the semantic similarity between the two bearers of the confused names (using a visually derived semantic code in Experiment 1 and an identity-specific semantic code in Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, the impact of those two semantic similarities between the bearers of the confused names was taken into account, whereas the phonological similarity was not taken into account. First, results showed a main effect of the phonological and semantic similarity on name confusion (more confusions when the names were phonologically related or when the bearers of the names were semantically related). Second, we found that (1) the combination of the phonological and the semantic similarity and (2) the combination of the two semantic similarities led to an increase of name confusions. Third, in the three experiments, we found that the semantic and phonological similarities had a similar impact on repeated and single confusions. Finally, results showed that participants always made more single than repeated confusions, except in the case when the bearers of the confused names shared two semantic features.

An Attempt to Grasp the Disaster Situation of “The 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake” Using SNS Information

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1170-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinglin Cui ◽  
◽  
Makoto Hanashima ◽  
Hiroaki Sano ◽  
Masaki Ikeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Information Analysis ◽  
Response Recovery ◽  
Disaster Assessment ◽  
Disaster Situation ◽  
The Impact

Whenever a natural disaster occurs, a damage assessment must be conducted to determine the extent of the damage caused, in order to quickly and effectively undertake disaster response, recovery, and reconstruction efforts. It is important to consider not only natural phenomena, but the impact of the damage on local communities as well (which is a pressing concern at any disaster site). Although a conventional, field-survey-based disaster assessment can yield solid information, it still takes time to gauge the overall implications. While an SNS system can facilitate information collection in real time, it is riddled with problems such as unreliability, and the challenge of handling vast amounts of data. In this study we analyzed Twitter content that was generated after the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake and was related to disaster response efforts at the site of the disaster, and used it to test an approach that combines and utilizes natural language processing and geo-informatics for disaster assessment. We then verified the use of this process in two different disaster response scenarios. In this paper, we discuss some possible approaches to disaster assessment that utilize SNS information analysis technology.

Dialogue and the Implementation of the European Court of Human Rights' Judgments

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Lambert Abdelgawad
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Constructive Dialogue ◽  
European Court ◽  
Large Panel ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

Due to the intergovernmental and confidential regime set up by the European Convention on Human Rights in view of supervising the execution of the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, this field was for many years little suited to dialogue. However, a culture of dialogue has gradually emerged at the European and national levels in order to offer more transparency and legitimacy to the system; the ambitious gamble was that it would speed up and improve the compliance with the judgments of the Court. The current picture still seems to be diversified, with more bilateral and expert dialogue focused on the most serious cases at European level. Meanwhile, a strategy for a more open and constructive dialogue with a very large panel of actors seems to be promoted in some countries. Has dialogue provided a relevant laboratory model to improve good governance and compliance with the judgments of the Court? This article reviews the impact of this new practice. The author concludes that there remains large room for improvement.

scholarly journals Frontal Theta Oscillatory Activity Is a Common Mechanism for the Computation of Unexpected Outcomes and Learning Rate

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Mas-Herrero ◽  
Josep Marco-Pallarés
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Error ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Learning Rate ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Reward Prediction Error ◽  
Reward Prediction ◽  
Medial Pfc ◽  
The Impact

In decision-making processes, the relevance of the information yielded by outcomes varies across time and situations. It increases when previous predictions are not accurate and in contexts with high environmental uncertainty. Previous fMRI studies have shown an important role of medial pFC in coding both reward prediction errors and the impact of this information to guide future decisions. However, it is unclear whether these two processes are dissociated in time or occur simultaneously, suggesting that a common mechanism is engaged. In the present work, we studied the modulation of two electrophysiological responses associated to outcome processing—the feedback-related negativity ERP and frontocentral theta oscillatory activity—with the reward prediction error and the learning rate. Twenty-six participants performed two learning tasks differing in the degree of predictability of the outcomes: a reversal learning task and a probabilistic learning task with multiple blocks of novel cue–outcome associations. We implemented a reinforcement learning model to obtain the single-trial reward prediction error and the learning rate for each participant and task. Our results indicated that midfrontal theta activity and feedback-related negativity increased linearly with the unsigned prediction error. In addition, variations of frontal theta oscillatory activity predicted the learning rate across tasks and participants. These results support the existence of a common brain mechanism for the computation of unsigned prediction error and learning rate.

scholarly journals The Impact of Feedback Frequency on Performance in a Novel Speech Motor Learning Task

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (6S) ◽  
pp. 1712-1725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Steinberg Lowe ◽  
Adam Buchwald
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Long Term Retention ◽  
Speech Motor Learning ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Speech Motor

Purpose This study investigated whether whole nonword accuracy, phoneme accuracy, and acoustic duration measures were influenced by the amount of feedback speakers without impairment received during a novel speech motor learning task. Method Thirty-two native English speakers completed a nonword production task across 3 time points: practice, short-term retention, and long-term retention. During practice, participants received knowledge of results feedback according to a randomly assigned schedule (100%, 50%, 20%, or 0%). Changes in nonword accuracy, phoneme accuracy, nonword duration, and initial-cluster duration were compared among feedback groups, sessions, and stimulus properties. Results All participants improved phoneme and whole nonword accuracy at short-term and long-term retention time points. Participants also refined productions of nonwords, as indicated by a decrease in nonword duration across sessions. The 50% group exhibited the largest reduction in duration between practice and long-term retention for nonwords with native and nonnative clusters. Conclusions All speakers, regardless of feedback schedule, learned new speech motor behaviors quickly with a high degree of accuracy and refined their speech motor skills for perceptually accurate productions. Acoustic measurements may capture more subtle, subperceptual changes that may occur during speech motor learning. Supplemental Materials https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.5116324

scholarly journals Phages associated with horses provide new insights into the dominance of lateral gene transfer in virulent bacteriophages evolution in natural systems

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.V. Babenko ◽  
A.K. Golomidova ◽  
P.A. Ivanov ◽  
M.A. Letarova ◽  
E.E. Kulikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Impact

AbstractTailed bacteriophages (Caudovirales order) are omnipresent on our planet. Their impressive ecological and evolutionary success largely relies on the bacteriophage potential to adapt to great variety of the environmental conditions found in the Biosphere. It is believed that the adaptation of bacteriophages, including short time scale adaptation, is achieved almost exclusively via the (micro)evolution processes. In order to analyze the major mechanisms driving adaptation of phage genomes in a natural habitat we used comparative genomics of G7C-like coliphage isolates obtained during 7 years period from the feces of the horses belonging to a local population. The data suggest that even at this relatively short time scale the impact of various recombination events overwhelms the impact of the accumulation of point mutations. The access to the large pool of the genes of a complex microbial and viral community of the animal gut had major effect on the evolutionary trajectories of these phages. Thus the “real world” bacteriophage evolution mechanisms may differ significantly from those observed in the simplified laboratory model systems.

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