scholarly journals 2-Photon Microscopy Imaging of Immune Cell Migration Across the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Spine During Induction of Acute Chronic Injury

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (S2) ◽  
pp. 76-77
Author(s):  
Y Othman ◽  
D Barkauskas ◽  
T Evans ◽  
J Silver ◽  
A Huang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Chronic Injury ◽  
Microscopy Imaging ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Immune Cell Migration

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.

Flavivirus and its Threat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satashree Paul
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Immune Cell Migration ◽  
And Function

A number of studies found that the virus can activate the endothelial cells and affect the structure and function of the blood?brain barrier, promoting immune cell migration to benefit the virus nervous system target cells infected by flaviviruses.

scholarly journals Vascular pathology in multiple sclerosis: reframing pathogenesis around the blood-brain barrier

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan I Spencer ◽  
Jack S Bell ◽  
Gabriele C DeLuca
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Specific Immune Response ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Vascular Pathology ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Blood Brain

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption has long been recognised as an important early feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology. Traditionally, this has been seen as a by-product of the myelin-specific immune response. Here, we consider whether vascular changes instead play a central role in disease pathogenesis, rather than representing a secondary effect of neuroinflammation or neurodegeneration. Importantly, this is not necessarily mutually exclusive from current hypotheses. Vascular pathology in a genetically predisposed individual, influenced by environmental factors such as pathogens, hypovitaminosis D and smoking, may be a critical initiator of a series of events including hypoxia, protein deposition and immune cell egress that allows the development of a CNS-specific immune response and the classical pathological and clinical hallmarks of disease. We review the changes that occur in BBB function and cerebral perfusion in patients with MS and highlight genetic and environmental risk factors that, in addition to modulating immune function, may also converge to act on the vasculature. Further context is provided by contrasting these changes with other neurological diseases in which there is also BBB malfunction, and highlighting current disease-modifying therapies that may also have an effect on the BBB. Indeed, in reframing current evidence in this model, the vasculature could become an important therapeutic target in MS.

scholarly journals Targeting the Blood-Brain Barrier to Prevent Sepsis-Associated Cognitive Impairment

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117957351984065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divine C Nwafor ◽  
Allison L Brichacek ◽  
Afroz S Mohammad ◽  
Jessica Griffith ◽  
Brandon P Lucke-Wold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
The United States ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Sepsis Survivors ◽  
The Brain

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory disease resulting from an infection. This disorder affects 750 000 people annually in the United States and has a 62% rehospitalization rate. Septic symptoms range from typical flu-like symptoms (eg, headache, fever) to a multifactorial syndrome known as sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Patients with SAE exhibit an acute altered mental status and often have higher mortality and morbidity. In addition, many sepsis survivors are also burdened with long-term cognitive impairment. The mechanisms through which sepsis initiates SAE and promotes long-term cognitive impairment in septic survivors are poorly understood. Due to its unique role as an interface between the brain and the periphery, numerous studies support a regulatory role for the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the progression of acute and chronic brain dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the current body of literature which supports the BBB as a nexus which integrates signals from the brain and the periphery in sepsis. We highlight key insights on the mechanisms that contribute to the BBB’s role in sepsis which include neuroinflammation, increased barrier permeability, immune cell infiltration, mitochondrial dysfunction, and a potential barrier role for tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). Finally, we address current drug treatments (eg, antimicrobials and intravenous immunoglobulins) for sepsis and their potential outcomes on brain function. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms may enable clinicians to target specific aspects of BBB function as a therapeutic tool to limit long-term cognitive impairment in sepsis survivors.

scholarly journals Near-Infrared Fluorescent Imaging of Cerebral Thrombi and Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption in a Mouse Model of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Eog Kim ◽  
Farouc A Jaffer ◽  
Ralph Weissleder ◽  
Ching-Hsuan Tung ◽  
Dawid Schellingerhout
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Intravital Microscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Fluorescent Imaging ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Microscopy Imaging ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Bbb Permeability

An intravital microscopy imaging method was developed to visualize active cerebral thrombus and blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption using Near Infrared Fluorescent (NIRF) probes. A circular craniotomy was made in CD-1 mice. Thrombi were formed by applying 10%-FeCl3 to the entire exposed superior sagittal sinus (SSS, 5 mm), or to the posterior 2.5 mm of the SSS for 5 mins. Control animals were pretreated with heparin (50 U/kg) before thrombus induction. Three hours after thrombus formation, a FXIIIa-targeted NIRF imaging probe (A15) was intravenously injected, and the SSS was imaged by intravital microscopy. This was followed by injection of indocyanine green (ICG) to assess BBB permeability. The A15 optical probe bound to thrombus, and the fluorescent signal emitted by the bound agent corresponded well with histologically confirmed thrombus. A15 initially remained intravascular, followed by excretion and subsequent decrease in all tissues except for thrombus, where it was retained. The subsequent ICG was also intravascular immediately after injection, but then began to leak into the cerebral parenchyma at 3 to 5 mins. The sites of leakage were adjacent to thrombosed areas. Heparin pretreatment prevented thrombus formation and reduced ICG leakage significantly. This demonstrates the feasibility of simultaneous in vivo monitoring of thrombus and BBB permeability in an animal model of cerebral venous thrombosis.

scholarly journals Stem Cell Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases: How Do Stem Cells Bypass the Blood-Brain Barrier and Home to the Brain?

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yvonne Cashinn Chia ◽  
Clarice Evey Anjum ◽  
Hui Rong Yee ◽  
Yenny Kenisi ◽  
Mike K. S. Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Cellular Therapy ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
The Brain

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a term describing the highly selective barrier formed by the endothelial cells (ECs) of the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis by restricting movement across the BBB. An intact BBB is critical for normal brain functions as it maintains brain homeostasis, modulates immune cell transport, and provides protection against pathogens and other foreign substances. However, it also prevents drugs from entering the CNS to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Stem cells, on the other hand, have been reported to bypass the BBB and successfully home to their target in the brain and initiate repair, making them a promising approach in cellular therapy, especially those related to neurodegenerative disease. This review article discusses the mechanism behind the successful homing of stem cells to the brain, their potential role as a drug delivery vehicle, and their applications in neurodegenerative diseases.

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