Functional Pearls: The Minout problem

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-124
Author(s):  
Richard S. Bird
Keyword(s):  
Natural Number ◽  
Linear Time ◽  
Constant Time ◽  
Natural Numbers ◽  
Free Object ◽  
Functional Program ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The World ◽  
The Given ◽  
Easy Solution

The problem of computing the smallest natural number not contained in a given set of natural numbers has a number of practical applications. Typically, the given set represents the indices of a class of objects ‘in use’ and it is required to find a ‘free’ object with smallest index. Our purpose in this article is to derive a linear-time functional program for the problem. There is an easy solution if arrays capable of being accessed and updated in constant time are available, but we aim for an algorithm that employs only standard lists. Noteworthy is the fact that, although an algorithm using lists is the result, the derivation is carried out almost entirely in the world of sets.

FUNCTIONAL PEARL On building trees with minimum height

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD S. BIRD
Keyword(s):  
Binary Tree ◽  
Linear Time ◽  
Internal Node ◽  
The Other ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Functional Program ◽  
Size Information ◽  
Common Solution ◽  
Minimum Height ◽  
The Given

A common solution to the problem of handling list indexing efficiently in a functional program is to build a binary tree. The tree has the given list as frontier and is of minimum height. Each internal node of the tree stores size information (actually, the size of its left subtree) to direct the search for an element at a given position in the frontier. One application was considered in my previous pearl (Bird, 1997). There are two complementary methods for building such a tree, both of which can be implemented in linear time. One method is ‘recursive’, or top down, and works by splitting the list into two equal halves, recursively building a tree for each half, and then combining the two results. The other method is ‘iterative’, or bottom up, and works by first creating a list of singleton trees, and then repeatedly combining the trees in pairs until just one tree remains. The two methods lead to different trees, but in each case the result is a tree with smallest possible height.

The Facticity of Things – Reframing Slotawa's Practice with Meillassoux and Harman

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-79
Author(s):  
Robert Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Ordinary Objects ◽  
Speculative Realism ◽  
The World ◽  
The Given

Robert Jackson examines the work of the German artist Florian Slotawa. Beginning with his first works, “Hotelarbeiten”, Slotawa recomposes and reconfigures the order of ordinary objects – in this case, the furniture of hotel rooms. In reconstructing these rooms in another order without altering these objects in any way, photographing them, and then subsequently restoring them to their previous configuration, the artist reveals the ordinary function of the objects and by withdrawing from their function shows their material and factual character. To elucidate the specificity of Slotawa’s intervention, Jackson critiques Heidegger’s conception of facticity in its exclusive account of Dasein and its being-in-the world, in contrast to the factuality of “things-within-the world.” Drawing on Harman’s extension of finitude beyond Dasein to all things, he encourages us to see Slotawa as engaged in “facticity of things” that is characterized by dispossession, lack of reason, and radical contingency. As Jackson argues, Slotawa is trying to find a way to dwell in a world that has no room or possibility for the given coordinates of dwelling; a world that is a fact without reason. In concluding he explores a reading of Slotawa that explores the intersecting yet radically different approaches to thinking about a speculative realism in the work of Harman and Meillassoux, and their differing attitudes to the finite and the infinite, facticity and factiality, contingency and necessity, without presuming to assume that either of these accounts cover the speculative facticity of things revealed in Slotawa’s work.

Giving and Promising

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Yves Lacoste ◽  
Oliver O’Donovan
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Present Experience ◽  
The World ◽  
The Given

Giving and promise must be thought together. Being-in-the world entails being-with the other, who is both “given” and bearer of a gift promised. But any disclosure may be understood as a gift; it is not anthropomorphic to speak of “self-giving” with a wider reference than person-to-person disclosure. Which implies that no act of giving can exhaust itself in its gift. Present experience never brings closure to self-revealing. Yet giving is crystallized into “the given,” the closure of gift. “The given” is what it is, needing no gift-event to reveal it. But the given, too, is precarious, and can be destabilized when giving brings us face to face with something unfamiliar. Nothing appears without a promise of further appearances, and God himself can never be “given.”

The Natural Numbers

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Øystein Linnebo
Keyword(s):  
Natural Number ◽  
Peano Arithmetic ◽  
Number Sequence ◽  
Natural Numbers ◽  
Ordinal Numbers ◽  
Cardinal Numbers

How are the natural numbers individuated? That is, what is our most basic way of singling out a natural number for reference in language or in thought? According to Frege and many of his followers, the natural numbers are cardinal numbers, individuated by the cardinalities of the collections that they number. Another answer regards the natural numbers as ordinal numbers, individuated by their positions in the natural number sequence. Some reasons to favor the second answer are presented. This answer is therefore developed in more detail, involving a form of abstraction on numerals. Based on this answer, a justification for the axioms of Dedekind–Peano arithmetic is developed.

Sinai and Exodus: Two Grounds for Hope in the Jewish Tradition

1978 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-387
Author(s):  
David Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Tradition ◽  
Look Ahead ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Sole Criterion ◽  
The Given ◽  
Better Than

Hope is a category of transcedence, by means of which a man does not permit what he senses and experiences to be the sole criterion of what is possible. It is the belief or the conviction that present reality (what I see) does not exhaust the potentialities of the given data. Hope opens the present to the future; it enables a man to look ahead, to break the fixity of what he observes, and to perceive the world as open-textured. The categories of possibility and of transcendence interweave a closely stitched fabric - hope says that tomorrow can be better than today.

Towards a new convergence between Anglo-American and Russian literary linguistics: “mind style” and “kartina mira”

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben W. Dhooge
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The World ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Mutually Independent

AbstractAnglo-American and Russian stylistics influenced each other substantially in the 1960s and 1970s. From the 1980s on, however, this fruitful mutual influence came to an end. The two schools started to grow apart, but despite that, they would develop almost parallel to each other, displaying many theoretical and methodological similarities. The present paper illustrates this by highlighting one such specificity – the idea of the possible reflection of one's conceptualization of the world in the use of literary language, and the possibility of reconstructing that conceptualization by means of a stylistic analysis (‘mind style’–‘kartina mira’). By comparing the Anglo-American and Russian theories on the topic, it is shown that the separately evolved conceptions are similar and even complement each other: the differences between them clarify and help solve possible theoretical and methodological gaps. Moreover, the juxtaposition of both conceptions allows us to perfect the notion of ‘mind style’ and its practical applications. A similar approach to other conceptions and tendencies in current seemingly mutually independent Anglo-American and Russian stylistics have the same potential, and may lead to a new convergence between the two schools.

scholarly journals How Important is Gambling in National GDP: Case Study from Austria, Croatia, Italy and Slovenia

ECONOMICS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-49
Author(s):  
Andrej Raspor ◽  
Iva Bulatović ◽  
Ana Stranjančević ◽  
Darko Lacmanović
Keyword(s):  
Research Question ◽  
The State ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Benchmark Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
State Budgets ◽  
The Given ◽  
First Time

Abstract Purpose – The situation in the field of gambling is changing due to the rise of Internet and Mobile gambling. In general gambling consumption is increasing every year, but the distribution of consumption has radically changed from Land Based gambling to Remote gambling. The purpose of this article is to present an overview of the world gambling industry and a specific overview in Austria, Croatia, Italy and Slovenia in order to find some main similarities and differences in observed period. Design/Methodology/Approach – The main research question is How important is gambling for the involved countries and what proportion of the national GDP does the gambling revenue account for? This paper presents the analysis of five statistical databases for the last sixteen years in order to find out some patterns, cyclical or seasonal features or other significant information that allows us to do forecasting of the future revenue with a certain degree of accuracy. We have systematically searched and collected data from the World Bank and the National Statistical Offices websites of the given countries. Statistical methods were used for benchmark analysis, while Box and Jenkins approach and ARIMA modelling were used for forecasting. Findings – The smallest increase was recorded in Slovenia and the largest in Italy. The same effects were also observed in the GDP of these countries. Thus, the state budgets of Croatia and Italy are increasingly dependent on gambling taxes. It also has negative wages. The gambling addictions among the locals have become more frequent as well. Originality of the research – The article shows the forecasts of the gambling revenue and its share in the GDP by 2027. We want to alert decision makers to adopt appropriate policies. States need to rethink their views on gambling and the excessive dependence of the state budget on gambling taxes. This is the first time a single comparative analysis of these countries and the above mentioned forecast has been conducted.

scholarly journals Darier White disease

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
A Amatya ◽  
D Karn ◽  
E Aryal ◽  
R Makaju ◽  
A Shakya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Punch Biopsy ◽  
Darier’S Disease ◽  
Darier's Disease ◽  
Skin Punch Biopsy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Given

Darier’s disease was described inependently by Darier and White in 1989 AD. Reported prevalence varies from 1/100,000 in Denmark to 1 in 30- 35,000 in northern England and Scotland.1 Darier’s disease has been reported from other parts of the world, however,there has been no reported cases in Nepal. It is an inherited autosomal dominat disease characterized by dark crusty lesions over the seborrheic areas of the skin. We are reporting a case of Darier’s disease in a Nepalese patient who developed skin leison’s over his face and body at the age of 12 years. We took skin punch biopsy from the leisons, which showed findings suggestive of Darier’s disease. Our case was treated with isotrerenoin and topical keratolytics. He responded with the given treatment within two weeks of therapy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njdvl.v9i1.5770 NJDVL 2010; 9(1): 34-36

scholarly journals Web Semântica no repositório BRAPCI

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nátalia NAKANO ◽  
Talita Cristina da SILVA ◽  
Maria José Vicentini JORENTE ◽  
José Eduardo SANTARÉM SEGUNDO
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Web ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The World ◽  
Working Together ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Web Research ◽  
Productive Authors

In 2001 Tim Berners-Lee revealed to the world what he wanted for the future of Web - man and machine working together to develop complex tasks, and that the Web could leverage the way human knowledge is acquired. Since then researchers from different fields of knowledge have engaged in scientific and empirical research to make this dream come true. In this context, the research problem of this article is established: What is the current situation of Semantic Web research in Brazil in Information Science? Who are the researchers of this theme in our country? What are the institutions that support these studies? The present study aimed at listing the most productive authors, institutions that support their research and the specific issues of their investigations. We conducted a literature review in Base de Dados Referencial de Artigos de Periódicos em Ciência da Informação (BRAPCI). We retrieved 41 articles, excluded five for not belonging to Brazilian authors and Brazilian institutions. From the analysis of this corpus, we realized the need to include additional keywords to better understanding of specific studies encompassed by the theme. Thus, we included the keywords: SPARQL, SKOS, RDF and ontology. It was concluded that the studies on the Semantic Web under the aegis of Information Science mostly perform theoretical and philosophical studies, while the computer science professionals seek practical applications of the topic. It was also concluded that a study including other databases could reveal other authors and institutions relevant to the subject of study.

scholarly journals Kinship Terms: Universality and Ethnolinguistic Saliance

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-2 (5)) ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Kristine Harutyunyan
Keyword(s):  
The World ◽  
Kinship Relations ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The Given ◽  
Solid System

The article attempts to examine the characteristic features of kinship terms in Armenian, English and Russian. Kinship terms make up a solid system with closely interconnected constituents. Kinship terms, which can be found in all languages, act as universalities. However, being universalities kinship terms may be different in different languages in terms of ethnolinguistic salience. The existence of certain kinship terms in a given language is, of course, connected with the kinship relations existing in the given society. Language affects the world perception of the language bearers. It reflects the notions and phenomena that are of prime importance for the speakers of the given language.

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