Land use in the Uists since 1800

1979 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 505-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Caird
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
Intensive Use ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Large Farms

SynopsisLand use and land tenure in the Uists has evolved over the past two centuries fashioned by the possibilities offered by the varying qualities of soils and terrain and by economic circumstances, estate and government policies. At the end of the 18th century, estate surveys and plans provide a detailed account of the patterns of tenure and land use. The crofting system, created between 1814 and 1818, with the aim of improving agricultural standards and as a means of maintaining a labour force to manufacture kelp, led to an expansion of the cultivated area. In the middle of the 19th century, large farms displaced much of the population and resulted in congestion in the remaining crofting townships and very intensive use of the available land. Government intervention led to the settlement of crofters on the majority of the farms after 1890. Since the ‘agricultural revolution’ of the 1950s, if the number of active crofters and croft units and the area of cropped land has declined, the size of the effective croft units and their cattle stocks has increased, particularly in the more recently formed townships. Cereal cropping is now virtually confined to the machairs and most of the crofts are under permanent grass.

Predicting the past

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Trudgill ◽  
Elizabeth Gordon
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
English Language ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
American English ◽  
Canadian English ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
English Canadian

The division of the world’s Englishes into rhotic and non-rhotic types is clearly due to the fact that the former are conservative in not having undergone loss of non-prevocalic /r/, whereas the latter have. The beginnings of the loss of non-prevocalic /r/ in English have generally been dated by historians of the language to the 18th century. It is therefore obvious, and has been widely accepted, that Irish English, Canadian English, and American English are predominantly rhotic because the English language was exported to these colonial areas before the loss of rhoticity in England began; and that the Southern Hemisphere Englishes are non-rhotic because English was exported to these areas in the 19th century after the loss of rhoticity. Analysing newly-discovered data from Australia, we present some surprising evidence that shows that this obvious conclusion is incorrect.

Sir G. B. Airy, F. R. S. and the Symptomatology of migraine

1975 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Visual Disturbance ◽  
Large Array ◽  
The Past ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Original Contribution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Medical Analysis

MIGRAINE (‘sick headache’) is a common malady, primarily comprising a characteristic visual disturbance (shimmering or scintillating zigzag ‘scotoma’) associated with headache and nausea. The condition is considered to be of very ancient origin, albeit the extreme vagueness of many of the claims for early accounts cited as indicative of migraine. By the 18th century, however, there appear descriptions connoting certain symptoms which undeniably can be construed as migraine, although it was not really until the 19th century that the disease received really serious scientific or medical analysis. The present century, particularly the past twenty-five years, has witnessed considerable research into migraine, and an impressive body of literature, which grows daily, exists on the subject (1). The primary purpose of the present paper is to draw attention to a historically important but overlooked original contribution to the study of migraine made over a century ago by Sir George B. Airy (1801-1892; F.R.S. 1836; P.R.S. 1871; R. S. Copley, and Royal, Medallist) as several of his observations have subsequently become well established clinical entities in the large array of symptoms now recognized as pathognomonic, or variants, of migraine.

scholarly journals Winter temperature variations over middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the past three centuries

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-119
Author(s):  
Z.-X. Hao ◽  
J.-Y. Zheng ◽  
Q.-S. Ge ◽  
W.-C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Yangtze River ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Temperature Series ◽  
Winter Temperature ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract. We present statistically reconstructed annual winter (December–February) mean temperature in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River (24–34° N, east of 108° E) back to 1736. The reconstructions are based on information from snowfall days from Yu-Xue-Fen-Cun archive (one of historical documents proxies) in Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). Those information are calibrated with regional winter temperature series spanning the period 1951 to 2007 period. The gap from 1912 to 1950 is filled using early instrumental observation. With respect to the 1951–2007 climatology, the 18th century was 0.6 °C colder, and the 19th century was 1.0 °C colder. But since the 20th century, climate entered into the warming phase, particular in the last 30 yr, the mean temperature from 1981 to 2007 is 0.25 °C higher than that of climatology, a highest level of the past 300 yr. The uncertainty is existed for the period prior of 1900, and possible causes have been discussed here.

scholarly journals Sang de belette et cervelle de corbeau : la médicalisation de la folie au Québec, 1600-1850

Criminologie ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-175
Author(s):  
André Cellard
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
General Public ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Medical Specialty ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 19Th Century

Like most areas of health that interested medicine in the 19th century, it was almost without opposition that insanity was to become a new medical specialty during the past century. The aim of this article is to shed some light on the dynamics that have allowed doctors since the I7tl% and 18th century to share their point of view with the general public for whom the existential causes of madness seem to have been taken for granted.

scholarly journals Las mujeres afrovenezolanas de Todasana y su decisión trascendental a finales del siglo XIX

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (33) ◽  
pp. 197-211
Author(s):  
Yara Altez
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Central Coast ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cocoa Farm ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
The 19Th Century

Se presentan aquí resultados de una investigación documental sobre la historia de una antigua hacienda de cacao fundada a principios del siglo XVII en la costa central venezolana, llamada originalmente Tuasana. Fue una hacienda trabajada por esclavizados que permanecieron asentados allí incluso abolida la esclavitud en 1854, mientras que sus descendientes todavía residen en el lugar, hoy llamado Todasana. A finales del siglo XIX, un grupo de mujeres cambió el apellido que les había impuesto la administración de la hacienda desde inicios del siglo XVIII. Fue una valiente decisión, pero al no transmitirse a la descendencia, dejó en el olvido al pasado de la esclavitud y a sus ancestros. De ellos nadie habla hoy, así como nadie refiere a la importante decisión de aquellas mujeres de Todasana. Abstract: The results of a documentary investigation on the history of an old cocoa farm founded in the early seventeenth century on the Venezuelan central coast, originally called Tuasana, are presented here. It was a farm worked by enslaved who remained seated there even abolished slavery in 1854, while their descendants still reside in the place, today called Todosana. At the end of the 19th century, a group of women changed the last name that had been imposed on them by the administration of the hacienda since the beginning of the 18th century. It was a brave decision, but not being transmitted to the offspring, he left the past of slavery and his ancestors in oblivion. Nobody talks about them today, just as nobody refers to the important decision of those women in Todasana.

Forward-Looking Retrospection: Enharmonicism in the Classical Era

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Telesco
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Central Place ◽  
The Other ◽  
Compositional Techniques ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Early 18Th Century ◽  
Tonal System

Enharmonicism steps to the fore only occasionally in 18th-century music. Indeed, over the past two centuries, it has been commonly assumed that it was invoked only when a special affect demanded it (as in the much-discussed "Dance of the Furies" from Rameau's Hippolyte et Aricie). But a survey of 18th-century music refutes this perception and reveals that the enharmonicism of the 18th century can be broadly defined as belonging to one of two categories: simultaneous or immediate enharmonicism, and retrospective enharmonicism. Most early 18th-century examples restrict their usage to the simultaneous/immediate type, which consists of reinterpretations of enharmonic pivot chords. Retrospective enharmonicism, on the other hand, is less common than immediate enharmonicism but is remarkable because it presages the expansion of the diatonic tonal system into the chromatic tonal system of the 19th century. Retrospective enharmonicism does not involve the reinterpretation of an enharmonic pivot chord, nor is a reinterpretation perceived at any one point; it becomes clear only in retrospect that one must have occurred. Rather than a negation of some resolution tendency, as happens in the reinterpretation of a dominant seventh as an augmented sixth, there is a (typically large-scale) trajectory away from some tonic which is eventually regained through the enharmonic door. Some note or chord is respelled as its enharmonic equivalent, but without any aural clue. Drastic key changes of the sort typically encountered in instances of retrospective enharmonicism are for the most part proscribed in the writings of such composers and theorists as Rameau, Kirnberger, Koch, Heinichen, and Vogler, all of whom wrote in detail about staying within an orbit of closely related keys and rarely going directly from one key to another too far away. Nevertheless, this type of enharmonicism was a recognized compositional resource which, though used relatively infrequently in the 18th century, came to occupy a more central place in the realm of available compositional techniques in the 19th century.

scholarly journals The tidal measurements of James Cook during the voyage of the Endeavour

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Woodworth ◽  
Glen H. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
James Cook ◽  
The Past ◽  
South Pacific Ocean ◽  
Tidal Changes ◽  
Modern Knowledge ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract. The main priority of the first of James Cook's famous voyages of discovery was the observation of the transit of Venus at Tahiti. Following that, he was ordered to embark on a search for new lands in the South Pacific Ocean. Cook had instructions to record as many aspects of the environment as possible at each place that he visited, including the character of the tide. This paper makes an assessment of the quality of Cook's tidal observations using modern knowledge of the tide, and with an assumption that no major tidal changes have taken place during the past two and half centuries. We conclude that Cook's tidal measurements were accurate in general to about 0.5 ft (15 cm) in height and 0.5 h in time. Those of his findings which are less consistent with modern insight can be explained by the short stays of the Endeavour at some places. Cook's measurements were good enough (or unique enough) to be included in global compilations of tidal information in the 18th century and were used in the 19th century in the construction of the first worldwide tidal atlases. In most cases, they support Cook's reputation as a good observer of the environment.

scholarly journals Borders and bonds: Mali Zvornik and Sakar during the deosmanization of the Balkans of the XIX and XX century

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 7-50
Author(s):  
Safet Bandžović ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town

Knowledge of world / European history is important for a more complete understanding of complex processes, for comparisons and placing national and regional history in a broader context that provides more meaningful answers. What determines the course of history is sometimes “a series of smaller events in the midst of the context of big ideas”. The borders of the region are determined by geographical, cultural and geopolitical characteristics, as well as the political interests of those builders whose interpretation has dominance. In expanding or narrowing the territory of the Balkans, politics was usually more decisive than geography. Historical events in that area should be presented from the positions of all its peoples, including Muslim communities. Their narratives also form a legitimate part of the picture of that past. Muslims were not the “favorites” of multiple Balkan historiographies that minimized and marginalized their component, functioning as factors shaping their own national and political ideologies. Historiography does not only deal with the reconstruction of the past, but, with all the difficulties and pitfalls, it also interprets it. A fragmentary study of the destinies of Muslim communities hinders the identification of the broader processes and common denominators of their parcelized history. The processes of de-Ottomanization and Balkanization also led to their particular consciousness within the newly formed, post-Ottoman states. Their historical experience is largely not “condensed, preserved, and generationally transmitted”. The attitude that Muslims are “foreigners” in Europe is part of the mentality and process known as the “Eastern Question”. Minds are not too prone to change. Calling all Muslims “Turks” is not the result of ignorance, but of a concrete attitude. It was not until the Berlin Congress of 1878 that the question of their protection became somewhat relevant. The system of such protection was inadequate, without supervisory mechanisms to control the implementation of commitments. Major political changes most often brought about religious and ethnic changes and displacements in the Balkans. In the study of the decades-long process of formation of the Serbian state in the 19th century in the area of the Smederevo Sandzak and the emigration of Muslims from it, special attention is paid to the fate of two small settlements (Mali Zvornik and Sakar) on the right bank of the Drina. After the surrender of the towns to the Serbs in 1862, only Mali Zvornik and Sakar remained in the hands of the Muslims. The origin of the settlement of Mali Zvornik is connected to the existence of the Zvornik fortress and the town of Zvornik on the left bank of the Drina, which was first mentioned in 1412. Mali Zvornik grew on the right bank of the Drina as part of the town of Zvornik. In the first half of the 18th century, travel writers mention that Mala or Mahala of the Bosnian town of Zvornik, whose inhabitants were called Maholjani, was located there. South of Mali Zvornik lies village of Sakar. In the 19th century, in Mali Zvornik and Sakar, on the border with the Smederevo Sandzak, Muslims made up the majority of the population. As only the Drina separated them from the settlements of Divič and Tabaci on its other side, the inhabitants of these settlements were firmly connected by kinship, friendship and marriage, and they were economically oriented towards each other. The Principality of Serbia was persistent in its demands to get Mali Zvornik and Sakar, having in mind their geostrategic position. By the decision of the Berlin Congress in 1878, they became part of Serbia. Until 1912, these were the only settlements in it with a majority Muslim population. They lost that majority over time. What is conditionally called “local” history, in addition to great narratives, indicates, confirmed by various experiences, the multidimensionality of the past, its features and specifics in a particular area.

scholarly journals Land Cover Change in the Blue Nile River Headwaters: Farmers’ Perceptions, Pressures, and Satellite-Based Mapping

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Alelgn Ewunetu ◽  
Belay Simane ◽  
Ermias Teferi ◽  
Benjamin F. Zaitchik
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Nile River ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Plantation Forest ◽  
Blue Nile ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bare Land

The headwaters of the Blue Nile River in Ethiopia contain fragile mountain ecosystems and are highly susceptible to land degradation that impacts water quality and flow dynamics in a major transboundary river system. This study evaluates the status of land use/cover (LULC) change and key drivers of change over the past 31 years through a combination of satellite remote sensing and surveying of the local understanding of LULC patterns and drivers. Seven major LULC types (forest land, plantation forest, grazing land, agriculture land, bush and shrub land, bare land, and water bodies) from Landsat images of 1986, 1994, 2007, and 2017 were mapped. Agriculture and plantation forest land use/cover types increased by 21.4% and 368.8%, respectively, while other land use/cover types showed a decreasing trend: water body by 50.0%, bare land by 7.9%, grassland by 41.7%, forest by 28.9%, and bush and shrubland by 38.4%. Overall, 34.6% of the landscape experienced at least one LULC transition over the past 31 years, with 15.3% representing the net change and 19.3% representing the swap change. The percentage change in plantation forest land increased with an increasing altitude and slope gradient during the study period. The mapped LULC changes are consistent with the pressures reported by local residents. They are also consistent with root causes that include population growth, land tenure and common property rights, persistent poverty, weak enforcement of rules and low levels of extension services, a lack of public awareness, and poor infrastructure. Hence, the drivers for LULC should be controlled, and sustainable resources use is required; otherwise, these resources will soon be lost and will no longer be able to play their role in socioeconomic development and environmental sustainability.

scholarly journals Leibniz’s and Herder’s philosophy of optimism

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Vasil Gluchman
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Possible Worlds ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Progress ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Given

Abstract The author studies Leibniz’s views of vindicating God for the existence of evil in the world, as well as the idea of the best of all possible worlds, including the past and present criticism. Following Leibniz, he opted for the presentation of Herder’s philosophy of history as one of the most significant forms of philosophical optimism that influenced the first half of the 19th century, including contemporary debates on and critiques of the topic. He defines Herder’s concept as the philosophy of historical progress, which also significantly influenced Slovak philosophy of the given period. The main goal of the article is to present Leibniz’s and Herder’s views as a starting point for the Slovak philosophy of optimism and historical progress of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document