Edge-abraded Flakes, Blades, and Cores in the Puebloan Tool Assemblage

1965 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
Richard P. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stone Artifacts ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Mesa Verde ◽  
Four Corners ◽  
Basketmaker Iii ◽  
Geometric Designs ◽  
Building Elements

AbstractSome of the use-modified stone artifacts obtained from Puebloan sites on Wetherill and Chapin mesas exhibit one technological attribute, edge-abrasion, which does not seem to have been reported previously from the Four Corners region nor from other sections of the United States. These artifacts are grouped under 38 styles, based on variations of edge-abrasion and other features resulting from use. They are assignable to each of the ceramic stages identified in the Mesa Verde district — Basketmaker III, Pueblo I, Pueblo II, and Pueblo III. Experiments suggest that edge-abrasion resulted from using the sharp-edged rock fragments to incise geometric designs on sandstone building elements and linear figures on fallen blocks of sandstone and, more commonly, to cut or saw “blanks” for artifacts and possibly many of the slabs and blocks (for architectural purposes) from larger pieces of the locally abundant, soft, fine-grained sandstone.

scholarly journals Fine-grained, spatio-temporal datasets measuring 200 years of land development in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes H. Uhl ◽  
Stefan Leyk ◽  
Caitlin M. McShane ◽  
Anna E. Braswell ◽  
Dylan S. Connor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract. The collection, processing and analysis of remote sensing data since the early 1970s has rapidly improved our understanding of change on the Earth’s surface. While satellite-based earth observation has proven to be of vast scientific value, these data are typically confined to recent decades of observation and often lack important thematic detail. Here, we advance in this arena by constructing new spatially-explicit settlement data for the United States that extend back to the early nineteenth century, and is consistently enumerated at fine spatial and temporal granularity (i.e., 250 m spatial, and 5 a temporal resolution). We create these time series using a large, novel building stock database to extract and map retrospective, fine-grained spatial distributions of built-up properties in the conterminous United States from 1810 to 2015. From our data extraction, we analyse and publish a series of gridded geospatial datasets that enable novel retrospective historical analysis of the built environment at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. The datasets are available at https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/hisdacus (Uhl and Leyk, 2020a, b, c, d).

Attitudes towards lexical borrowing and intra-sentential code-switching among Spanish-English bilinguals

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Kimball Anderson ◽  
Almeida Jacqueline Toribio
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Spanish Text ◽  
The United States ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
Multiple Measures ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Linguistic Assessment

The present study seeks to evaluate bilinguals’ attitudes towards the contact forms that are manifested in the speech of Spanish-English bilinguals in the United States, and the factors that contribute to this linguistic assessment. Towards that end, bilinguals of diverse proficiencies are presented with five versions of the fairytale Little Red Riding Hood/La Caperucita Roja: a normative Spanish text, two Spanish texts that contrast in the type of English lexical insertions made, and two code-switched texts, differentiated by type of intra-sentential alternation represented. Multiple measures are used to evaluate participants’ attitudes, including scalar judgments on personality characteristics of the authors of the texts. Data from fifty-three participants unveil a continuum of preferences that largely confirms the hypotheses posited: Spanish-English bilinguals evaluate single-noun insertions more positively than code-switching and report more fine-grained distinctions — differentiating specific versus core noun insertions and felicitous versus infelicitous code-switching — as commensurate with social and linguistic factors, such as language heritage and linguistic competence.

American myths of linguistic assimilation: A sociolinguistic rebuttal

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Daniel Erker ◽  
Ricardo Otheguy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Linguistic Behavior

Abstract This study examines the behavior of 331 Spanish speakers, 269 immigrants to the United States and sixty-two native-born individuals, through questionnaires and sociolinguistic interviews. Results show that increased US life experience correlates with expanded use of English in both private and public domains of life. Additionally, greater use of English co-exists with maintenance of fine-grained patterns of structured linguistic variation in Spanish, such that US-born speakers demonstrate remarkable similarity to the immigrant generation in their usage of three variables: (i) subject pronoun presence vs. absence, (ii) grammatical subject position, and (iii) syllable-final /s/. The co-occurence of increased use of English, on one hand, and intergenerational structural continuity in variable linguistic behavior in Spanish, on the other, challenges two misconceptions about Spanish in the United States: that (a) Spanish-speaking immigrants and their US-born children are unwilling or unable to learn English, and (b) regular use of English entails attrition and/or failed acquisition of Spanish. Neither of these views finds empirical support in our data. (Spanish in the United States, comparative variationist linguistics, subject personal pronouns, grammatical subject position, syllable final /s/, bilingualism)

scholarly journals City as Flux: Interrogating the Changing Nature of Urban Change

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Aseem Inam
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Las Vegas ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Change ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

What do we mean by the changing nature of urban change? First of all, in the 20th and 21st centuries, cities have been changing in different and dramatic ways, whether through grassroots mobilizations, through technological leaps, or through profit-driven speculations. Second, our understanding of how cities change has also been evolving, in particularly through empirical work that challenges the broad-brush universalizations of conventional thinking. The authors of the six selected articles take us through an around-the-world tour of cities and regions that range from Mulhouse in France to Dakar in Senegal to Las Vegas in the United States to Bogota in Colombia and beyond. Each author carefully examines the nature of urban change and how planners, developers, and citizens are either dealing with that change or even shaping it. Together, what the articles suggest is that we need a more fine-grained understanding of the city as flux in order to obtain better theoretical insights as well as urban practices that can better manage and ultimately shape urban change to benefit citizens, especially those who are marginalized.

Stone Images in Southern Colorado

1944 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
N. W. Dondelinger ◽  
R. M. Tatum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Present Article ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stone Artifacts ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Strong Resemblance

Despite the familiar abundance of archaeological material in the Southwestern region of the United States, there is a notable paucity of anthropomorphic images of stone. The most significant of such figures which have come to the attention of the archaeologist are those unearthed by Alfred V. Kidder, at the Pecos ruins in New Mexico. Inasmuch as no previous reports of stone images in southern Colorado have come to our attention, the purpose of the present article is to direct attention to the presence of effigies in this state.In view of the fact that images have been found in New Mexico, it seems plausible that similar objects should exist in southern Colorado. In the course of a survey of the region we have found many indications of an influx of Southwestern culture. Pottery, basketry, and stone artifacts which bear a strong resemblance to those of more southerly tribes have been noted.

scholarly journals The United States - China Rivalry and the BRI

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-303
Author(s):  
Jean-Marc F. Blanchard
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Think Tank ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Scholarly Publications ◽  
Belt And Road

The article describes the United States - China rivalry and Chinas Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) through a fine-grained review of primary materials such as major US policy documents and speeches by and media interviews with key American foreign policy decisionmakers, as well as the selective use of secondary materials such as think tank studies and articles in scholarly publications. It shows that the BRI has fueled the bilateral rivalry since its birth in 2013 and that the rivalry, in turn, has affected US views about the BRI. Under President Barack Obama, the US took a muted stance towards the BRI, expressing modestly cooperative sentiments regarding it. In contrast, under President Donald Trump, Washingtons posture towards the BRI dramatically changed with his administration frequently denigrating the BRI, raising it in major security and foreign policy documents, initiating competing development schemes such as the BUILD Act, and building closer cooperation with allies against Chinas venture. Despite its angst about the BRI, however, the Trump administration never launched any large-scale countermeasures. This article contributes to clarifying the situation by correcting some factual errors in past analyses and updating the general understanding about the Trump administrations response. It systematically contemplates how internal and external economic, political, and ideational factors affected the Obama and Trump administrations responses to the BRI, demonstrating that such factors shaped or shifted US policy or bounded its form and intensity. These factors, being similar to those stressed by neoclassical realists who emphasize the role of leaders as interpreters within limits of the external environment and responders to it subject to various domestic constraints, provide a foundation which is used to speculate about the USs probable response to the BRI under President Joseph Biden, Jr.

Community Classification of Piñon-Juniper Vegetation in the Four Corners Region, USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 687-699
Author(s):  
Gennaro Falco ◽  
Kristen M Waring
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Classification System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Community Type ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Precipitation Patterns ◽  
Four Corners ◽  
Community Types

Abstract Piñon-juniper is one of the most common vegetation types in the Four Corners states of the western United States (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah). Because of its high degree of community heterogeneity across the landscape, development of a more detailed and statistically supported classification system for piñon-juniper has been requested by regional land managers. We used a USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data set from the Four Corners states to develop a statistics-based classification system for piñon-juniper vegetation. Cluster analysis was used to group piñon-juniper FIA data into community classes. Classification and regression tree analysis was then used to develop a model for predicting piñon-juniper community types. To determine which variables contributed most to classifying piñon-juniper FIA data, a random forest analysis was conducted. Results from these analyses support a six-class piñon-juniper community-type model within the Four Corners states. Using the classification tree, membership of FIA piñon-juniper communities can be accurately predicted (r2 = 0.81) using only relative overstory species abundance. Our dominance-based classification system was useful in classifying piñon-juniper community types and could be used in the field to identify broad community types and complement more refined tools available for stand-scale decisionmaking. Study Implications: Piñon-juniper vegetation communities commonly occur in the Four Corners region of the United States. We used a regional data set to develop a statistically based classification system for piñon-juniper communities. We found support for a dominance-based approach supporting initial classification into six community classes. Classes were based on different overstory species dominance patterns, stand structural characteristics (stand density index, basal area [square meters per hectare], trees per hectare, and stand age), and precipitation patterns (mean annual precipitation and monsoonal index) (Table S2). Community type can be predicted using relative overstory abundance to help managers prioritize regional areas (~6,000 acres [2,428 hectares]) for management and predict responses based on precipitation patterns, current understory tree regeneration, and plant community abundance. This system could lead to better planning documents and management decisions on a regional scale to complement more refined tools available for stand-scale management such as plant associations and detailed soil maps.

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