The Conduct of Locarno Diplomacy

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Small Country ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
New Era ◽  
History Of ◽  
Folk History ◽  
Personal Diplomacy ◽  
Foreign Ministers ◽  
European Diplomacy ◽  
Second World

The conferences, the spectaculars of European diplomacy between the First and Second World Wars, have contributed some interesting myths to the folk history of the twentieth century. The Munich Conference of 1938, for example, has come to represent to some an act of betrayal, surrender and defeat—an effort to have one's own skin by selling out a small country in a vainattempt to satisfy a dictator's unlimited appetite. The Locarno Conference of October, 1925, has been regarded as an event which brought an end to the conflict between Germany and the Western powers during the World War and its aftermath. Supposedly, at Locarno enemies were reconciled after years of hostility, and a new era dawned: the following four years were a period of harmony between Germany and the West, as foreign ministers from each side conducted personal diplomacy in an atmosphere of good will. These assertions about Locarno have received less scholarly attention than the myth of Munich and deserve critical reexamination. As part of that reconsideration, some measurement might be taken of the level of misunderstanding and malevolence and hope — either genuine or illusory.

14. War and world politics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarak Barkawi
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World Politics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern State ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second World

This chapter examines how war fits into the study of international relations and the ways it affects world politics. It begins with an analysis of the work of the leading philosopher of war, Carl von Clausewitz, to highlight the essential nature of war, the main types of war, and the idea of strategy. It then considers some important developments in the history of warfare, both in the West and elsewhere, with particular emphasis on interrelationships between the modern state, armed force, and war in the West and in the global South. Two case studies are presented, one focusing on war and Eurocentrism during the Second World War, and the other on the impact of war on society by looking at France, Vietnam, and the United States. There is also an Opposing Opinions box that asks whether democracy creates peace among states.

An Unexpected Path to Modernisation: The Case of German Artisans during the Second World War

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick L. Mckitrick
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Class Relations ◽  
World War ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

On 10 July 1950, at the celebrations marking the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Wiesbaden Chamber of Artisans (Handwerkskammer), its president Karl Schöppler announced: ‘Today industry is in no way the enemy of Handwerk. Handwerk is not the enemy of industry.…’ These words, which accurately reflected the predominant point of view of the post-war chamber membership, and certainly of its politically influential leadership, marked a new era in the social, economic and political history of German artisans and, it is not too much to say, in the history of class relations in (West) Germany in general. Schöppler's immediate frame of reference was the long-standing and extremely consequential antipathy on the part of artisans towards industrial capitalism, an antipathy of which his listeners were well aware.

scholarly journals THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CRACOW-LEMKO REGION ORTHODOX EPARCHY DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (30) ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
Andrii Smyrnov
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Church

The article deals with the history of the Orthodox Church in German-occupied Poland (Generalgouvernement), which remained autocephalous and continued to be headed by Metropolitan Dionisii Valedynskyi. In February 1941 Palladii Vydybida-Rudenko was ordained in Warsaw as archbishop of Cracow and the Lemko region. He swore to work solely for the benefit of the Ukrainian Church and the Ukrainian people; complete obedience to Archbishop Ilarion Ohiienko; and to vote during synods exactly like Ilarion, never against. After the German invasion of the USSR and the attachment of Galicia to the GG, Palladii was subsequently also named bishop of Lviv, and was elected chancellor of the Orthodox Church in the Generalgouvernement. Newly created Cracow-Lemko region eparchy numbered approximately 40 parishes. Archbishop Palladii transferred perceived Russophile priests from the region to Warsaw and replaced them with younger, Ukrainian clerics. The Ukrainian accent or language were used during church services; what constituted a ‘legal basis’ for nationalization. However, the eparchy has limited opportunities for the development of the Ukrainian national and church movement due to the opposition of the Greek Catholic lobby in German administration, lack of patriotic priests and war time difficulties. That is why Archbishop Palladii, which constantly living in Warsaw and served in Metropolitan cathedral, met with little success in the Ukrainization of Orthodoxy in Lemko region. In 1942 the synod of bishops adopted certain internal statutes that were later acknowledged by the German authorities as well. The statutes spoke very clearly about the prevailing Ukrainian spirit in the Church. The further growth of the Orthodox Church in the Generalgouvernement was, however, impeded with the withdrawal of the Germans and subsequent chaotic developments. Both Archbishop Ohiienko and Archbishop Vydybida-Rudenko sought refuge in the West.

14. War and world politics

2019 ◽  
pp. 225-239
Author(s):  
Tarak Barkawi
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World Politics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern State ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second World

This chapter examines how war fits into the study of international relations and the ways it affects world politics. It begins with an analysis of the work of the leading philosopher of war, Carl von Clausewitz, to highlight the essential nature of war, the main types of war, and the idea of strategy. It then considers some important developments in the history of warfare, both in the West and elsewhere, with particular emphasis on interrelationships between the modern state, armed force, and war in the West and in the global South. Two case studies are presented, one focusing on war and Eurocentrism during the Second World War, and the other on the impact of war on society by looking at France, Vietnam, and the United States. There is also an Opposing Opinions box that asks whether democracy creates peace among states.

scholarly journals The Beginning Of A New Era In The Study Of The History Of World War Ii In Uzbekistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (05) ◽  
pp. 286-291
Author(s):  
Ulugbek Saliev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
World War ◽  
Great Work ◽  
New Era ◽  
History Of ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Second World

In the Second World War, the multinational people of Uzbekistan showed great courage and perseverance on the battlefields and behind the front and made a worthy contribution to the victory over fascism. One of the urgent tasks today is to prepare a comprehensive scientific-historical book or collection of documents, reflecting the hard and difficult life of the Uzbek people on the front and behind the front during this bloody war, that particularly contributed to the victory over fascism. Such resources will be of paramount importance to convey to future generations the great work done by our people during the war, its strong will and heroism, the truth of that time, to educate them in the spirit of patriotism and courage.

Dreams of Greatness

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kinch
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second World

This chapter details the birth of the pharmaceutical industry, whose roots trace back more than six millennia. While modern society struggles with opiate addiction, the problem is centuries old and fostered a literal trade war in the form of the Opium Wars of the 19th century and whose scars still muddle international relations of China with the West today. During this same time period, improvements in understanding opium facilitated the discovery of new and more potent products that nurtured modern companies such as Merck & Co. Perhaps no other discovery has impacted the industry or public health as much as antibiotics and we trace the history of these medicines and debunk misunderstandings and misattributions associated with their discovery. The impact of antibiotics was propelled by the Second World War, which also gave rise to the first treatments for cancer when two top-secret projects, one at Yale and another resulting from an audacious raid by the Luftwaffe upon an Italian port town, unexpectedly revealed the life-saving implications of mustard gas. Finally, we relate the triumphant and turbulent relationships that gave rise to the discoveyr of insulin and its widespread distribution by a paragon of “ethical pharmaceuticals”, Eli Lilly & Company.

Public Diplomacy Ascendant

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Diplomacy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

This chapter traces the Pilgrims Society’s contribution to the history of public diplomacy across the later 1920s, the 1930s, and the early 1940s. It does so in part by analysing the content of a speech given to the Society in 1925 by the new US Ambassador in London, Alanson Houghton. This speech paved the way for the Locarno Conference and provides evidence of a senior diplomat using a Pilgrims’ event to make a major intervention in European diplomacy. In addition, the chapter examines how further developments in American nativism continued to impact upon the Society. The chapter also analyses other significant Pilgrims’ events at which diplomats used the Society as a vehicle for public diplomacy, including Ambassador Charles Dawes’ speech in 1929 about naval disarmament, and a number of events during the Second World War at which figures including Winston Churchill sought to manage the relationship between Britain and the United States during the tense period leading up to the latter’s entry into the conflict. The chapter also demonstrates how the US Pilgrims sought to mobilise American sentiment in favour of the Allied cause and that it did so alongside the Committee to Defend America and the Century Group.

scholarly journals یورپ میں قرآن کریم کی طباعت اور تراجم کے مختلف ادوار

rahatulquloob ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 161-179
Author(s):  
Awais Anwer ◽  
Dr. Muhammad Ishaq Alam
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
New Era ◽  
Subjective Knowledge ◽  
Research Article ◽  
The People ◽  
The Holy Quran ◽  
Second World ◽  
Made In

After Second World War, when the distances between the East and the West began to reduce and the west paid attention to the eastern knowledge seriously. Especially European countries took interests in Islamic subjects and a new trend was generated which is known as Orientalism and the people who acquire the subjective knowledge are being called orientalists. In this connection the orientalists started shown keen interest in learning Islamic subjects and with that interest their object was not to spread the religion Islam but to negate and cancel the true picture of true religion Islam, fear of dominancy of Islam, spread of Christianity and multiple political nations. That is why the first thing they have targeted was the Holy Quran. While X-Prime minister William Evart Gladstone quoted 1882 ''Till the Quran exists, it is impossible for Europe to down the East'' .Since then the new era of publication and translations of Quran took place, in which era the treatise and conversion made in various languages differently in different countries which will be discussed in this research article along with the discussion of orientalists who took part in the compositionor translation.  

Squatting: The Fight for Decent Shelter, 1970s–1980s

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-50
Author(s):  
John Marsland
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
Housing Needs ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

During the twenty years after the Second World War, housing began to be seen as a basic right among many in the west, and the British welfare state included many policies and provisions to provide decent shelter for its citizens. This article focuses on the period circa 1968–85, because this was a time in England when the lack of affordable, secure-tenured housing reached a crisis level at the same time that central and local governmental housing policies received wider scrutiny for their ineffectiveness. My argument is that despite post-war laws and rhetoric, many Britons lived through a housing disaster and for many the most rational way they could solve their housing needs was to exploit loopholes in the law (as well as to break them out right). While the main focus of the article is on young British squatters, there is scope for transnational comparison. Squatters in other parts of the world looked to their example to address the housing needs in their own countries, especially as privatization of public services spread globally in the 1980s and 1990s. Dutch, Spanish, German and American squatters were involved in a symbiotic exchange of ideas and sometimes people with the British squatters and each other, and practices and rhetoric from one place were quickly adopted or rejected based on the success or failure in each place.

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