scholarly journals Alternative Methods for Cellulose Preparation for AMS Measurement

Radiocarbon ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 1358-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojmír Němec ◽  
Lukas Wacker ◽  
Irka Hajdas ◽  
Heinz Gäggeler
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Cellulose Xanthate ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Wood Cellulose ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Pure Cellulose ◽  
Original Plant ◽  
Second Procedure

The main methods applied to clean plant material for radiocarbon dating are not compound-specific and generally remove only the easily exchangeable components by an acid-base-acid sequence and additional optional steps like Soxhlet extraction to remove resins and oxidative bleaching with NaClO2. The products are normally clean enough for standard 14C measurement, but in some cases it is desirable to have pure cellulose, which remains unchanged and immobile over longer time ranges, better representing the original plant material. In this work, 2 more compound-specific but still simple methods were tested to separate the cellulose from wood. The viscose method is based on the xanthification process used in the textile industry, where the alkali-cellulose with CS2 forms a soluble cellulose xanthate, which is then extracted and cellulose is recovered. The second procedure is based on the wood/cellulose dissolution in ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [BMIM]Cl, when the dissolved cellulose could be precipitated again by simply adding a water-acetone mixture. This process was recently reported, but still not used in sample preparation procedures for 14C dating.

scholarly journals A review on the sustainability of textile industries wastewater with and without treatment methodologies

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Punyasloka Pattnaik ◽  
G.S. Dangayach ◽  
Awadhesh Kumar Bhardwaj
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Textile Wastewater ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Textile Industries

Abstract The textile industry in India plays a vital role in the economic growth of the nation. The growth of the textile industry not only impacts the economy of a country but also influences the global economy and mutual exchange of technology between the countries. However, the textile industry also generates an enormous quantity of waste as waste sludge, fibers and chemically polluted waters. The chemically polluted textile wastewater degrades the quality of the soil and water when it mixes with these natural resources and its dependent habitats and environment. Owing to the existing problem of solid and liquid waste, textile industries are facing major problems in environment pollution. Therefore, researchers and the textile industries are focusing on the reduction of textile wastewater and the formulation of alternative efficient treatment techniques without hampering the environment. Hence, the present literature survey mainly concentrates on the various wastewater treatment techniques and their advantages. Moreover, the focus of the study was to describe the methods for the reduction of environmental waste and effective utilization of recycled water with zero wastewater management techniques. The alternative methods for the reduction of textile waste are also covered in this investigation. Finally, this paper also suggests utilization of solid wastes after treatment of wastewater in other sectors like construction for the preparation of low-grade tiles and or bricks by replacing the cement normally used in their manufacturing.

scholarly journals Cryopreservation of orchid seeds through rapid and step freezing methods

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Cerna ◽  
Paulina Valdivieso ◽  
Rino Cella ◽  
Bence Mátyás ◽  
Cristina Aucapiña
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Rapid Freezing ◽  
Subsequent Generation ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
Primary Interest ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
The Family ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Tetrazolium Test

Ecuador has a great variety of climatic regions that potentiate biodiversity. The family Orchidaceae constitutes one of the most important of the country, having identified about 4032 species with a high degree of endemism, therefore the development and research of alternative methods of storage and conservation of species is a strategy of primary interest for researchers and for society in general. In cryopreservation, temperatures reach below -190°C in order to paralyze the chemical reactions and keep the plant material viable for long periods. The present research focuses on the development of protocols for cryopreservation of seeds, aimed at the preservation of biodiversity, focusing on the family Orchidaceae, for the subsequent generation of a seed bank. The assays were performed on seeds of Epidendrum quitensium, Sobralia rosea, and Epidendrum anderssonii. Two freezing rates were tested: rapid freezing at -196°C; and step freezing at -22°C, -60°C to 196°C, further analyzed four combinations from Dimethylsulfoxide DMSO, glycerol and sucrose (DMSO 1M; DMSO 1M + glycerol 1M; DMSO 1M + sucrose 1M; DMSO 1M + glycerol 0,5M + sucrose 0,5M). The best results were obtained both in rapid and stepped freezing without the use of cryo-protective substances, by introducing the seeds directly into liquid nitrogen. Species of the genus Epidendrum presented a more efficient response in comparison to Sobralia. The viability of the seeds was evaluated by the tetrazolium test.

scholarly journals Nanomicellar Extraction of Polyphenols—Methodology and Applications Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11392
Author(s):  
Paweł Śliwa ◽  
Karolina Śliwa
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Theoretical Principle ◽  
Current State ◽  
Solid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Selection Of

The selection of the appropriate extraction method is crucial, especially for the receiving of active substances from plant material. The extraction using supercritical liquids and micellar-mediated extraction (MME) is the most advantageous among the alternative methods to classical solid–liquid extraction. However, the latter seems to be the best solution when the desired actives are polar. The following article presents a comprehensive review of the micellar-mediated extraction method in the last decade. The theoretical principle of the process was also refreshed and the current state of knowledge on the applications for analytical and manufacturing purposes was summarized.

scholarly journals Preparation of Lignan-Rich Extract from the Aerial Parts of Phyllanthus niruri Using Nonconventional Methods

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1179
Author(s):  
Meselhy R. Meselhy ◽  
Ola E. Abdel-Sattar ◽  
Sahar El-Mekkawy ◽  
Ahmed M. EL-Desoky ◽  
Shanaz O. Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Direct Extraction ◽  
Phyllanthus Niruri ◽  
Alkaline Digestion ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Assisted Extraction

Phyllanthin and related lignans were found to be responsible, at least in part, for most of the activity of Phyllanthus species. This observation encouraged the authors to develop methods for the preparation of an extract rich in phyllanthin and related lignans from the aerial parts of P. niruri L. Direct extraction with solvents produced extracts with variable yields and contents of lignans. Lignans were identified by LC-ESI-MS analysis as phyllanthin (used as marker substance), hypophyllanthin, phylltetralin, nirtetralin, and niranthin. Extraction with boiling water produced 18.10 g% (w/w) extract with a trace amount of lignans (phyllanthin content of 0.33 ± 0.10 mg/g extract), while extraction with MeOH gave 3.6 g% w/w extract with a low phyllanthin content (3.1 mg/g extract), as determined by HPLC. However, Soxhlet extraction with hexane, CH2Cl2, or acetone gave extracts with low yields (0.82, 1.12, and 3.40 g% w/w, respectively) and a higher phyllanthin contents (36.2 ± 2.6, 11.7 ± 1.68, and 11.7 ± 1.10 mg/g extract, respectively). Extraction quality and efficiency were optimized by adopting the following three different approaches: (1) Alkaline digestion of the plant material with 30% potassium hydroxide yielded 3.1 g% w/w of purified extract with high phyllanthin content (22.34 ± 0.13 mg/g); (2) microwave-assisted extraction using 80% MeOH gave an extract with a better yield (8.13 g% w/w) and phyllanthin content (21.2 ± 1.30 mg/g) (after filtration through a Diaion HP-20 column); and (3) treatment of the ground plant material at 50 °C with two hydrolytic enzymes, cellulase (9 U/g for 12 h) and then, protease (4 U/g up to 72 h) optimized the yield of extract (13.92 g% w/w) and phyllanthin content (25.9 mg/g extract and total lignans content of 85.87 mg/g extract). In conclusion, the nonconventional methods presented here are superior for optimizing the yield of extract and its lignan contents from the aerial parts of P. niruri.

scholarly journals QUERCETIN STABILITY UNDER MECHANICAL STRESS IN THE PRESENCE OF PLANT-BASED POLYMERS

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (27) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Denis V. ORLOV ◽  
Igor O. LOMOVSKIY ◽  
Oleg I. LOMOVSKIY
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Mechanical Treatment ◽  
Pure Substance ◽  
Crystalline Solid ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Amorphous Cellulose ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Original Plant ◽  
The Stability

In this paper, we consider mechanical stress resistance of quercetin -3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone in pure substance, in a mixture of crystalline solid quercetin with plant based polymers, and adsorbed on plant based polymers. The plant based polymers were produced by step-by-step chemical removal of components of plant material. The most stable to machine treatment is the quercetin adsorbed on cellulose polymer components, which retain the texture of the original plant tissue. The capability to increase quercetin stability in the process of mechanical treatment changes from hemicellulose via amorphous cellulose to crystalline cellulose. Adsorption on crystalline and amorphous cellulose, which do not retain morphology of plant material, causes reduction in the stability of adsorbed quercetin to a subsequent mechanical treatment. Quercetin that is adsorbed on polyphenolic plant based polymer lignin is the least resistant to mechanical treatment. The understanding of interaction of quercetin and other phenolic compounds with cellulose based matrixes can help to get a new view on technological processes of extraction and mechanical treatment of plant materials.

scholarly journals The influence of the operation conditions and the extraction techniques on the yield, kinetics and the composition of ethanol extracts of Hieracium pilosella L.

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Stanojevic ◽  
Mihajlo Stankovic ◽  
Ljubisa Nikolic ◽  
Vesna Nikolic
Keyword(s):  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Hieracium Pilosella ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
High Level ◽  
Total Extraction

The optimal operational extraction conditions (50 % v/v ethanol, solvomodule l:15 m/v, temperature: the solvent boiling temperature) were determined by investigating the influence of the ethanol concentration (30 - 95 % v/v), solvomodule (1:10 - 1:25 m/v) and the temperature of the maceration extraction on the yield and kinetics of total extraction matter, chlorogenic acid, umbelliferone and apigenin-7-O-glucoside from Hieracium pilosella L. Based on the results of Soxhlet and Tillepape extraction kinetics, the investigations of the total extraction matter and the components under the optimal maceration operation conditions it was found that the highest yield of the extraction matter from the dry plant material (43.0 g/100 g of the dry plant material, i.e. 97.7% of the extractive matter content in the plant material), chlorogenic acid (20.30 g/100 g of dry plant material, i.e. 94 % of the chlorogenic acid content in the plant material), umbelliferone (0.30 g/100 g of the dry plant material, i.e. 96.7% of umbelliferone content in the plant material, and apigenin-7-O-glucoside (0.24 g/100 g of the dry plant material, i.e. 96 % of the apigenin-7-O-glucoside content in the plant material) was obtained by using a Soxhlet extraction method. The contents of chlorogenic acid, umbelliferone and apigenin-7-O-glucoside in the extracts were determined by HPLC method. Chlorogenic acid is the component with the highest share in all the extracts. (It was found) The high content of chlorogenic acid in the investigated plant material (21.60 %) and the high level of its extraction from the plant material (75-94**%) were found under the defined optimal maceration conditions, Soxhlet and Tillepape extraction.

scholarly journals Recovery of Biologically Treated Textile Wastewater by Ozonation and Subsequent Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis Process

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 900
Author(s):  
Burak Yuzer ◽  
Huseyin Selcuk
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Textile Wastewater ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Bipolar Membrane ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis ◽  
Pre Treatment

The Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis process (BPMED) can produce valuable chemicals such as acid (HCl, H2SO4, etc.) and base (NaOH) from saline and brackish waters under the influence of an electrical field. In this study, BPMED was used to recover wastewater and salt in biologically treated textile wastewater (BTTWW). BPMED process, with and without pre-treatment (softening and ozonation), was evaluated under different operational conditions. Water quality parameters (color, remaining total organic carbon, hardness, etc.) in the acid, base and filtrated effluents of the BPMED process were evaluated for acid, base, and wastewater reuse purposes. Ozone oxidation decreased 90% of color and 37% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in BTTWW. As a result, dye fouling on the anion exchange membrane of the BPMED process was reduced. Subsequently, over 90% desalination efficiency was achieved in a shorter period. Generated acid, base, and effluent wastewater of the BPMED process were found to be reusable in wet textile processes. Results indicated that pre-ozonation and subsequent BPMED membrane systems might be a promising solution in converging to a zero discharge approach in the textile industry.

scholarly journals Isolation and NMR Characterization of Ursane-Type Triterpenoid from the Leaves of Peperomia pellucida

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-400
Author(s):  
J.C. Ibe–Diala ◽  
O.U. Igwe ◽  
C. Friday ◽  
U.C. Akwada
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Isolation And Purification ◽  
Single Spot ◽  
Chromatographic Techniques ◽  
Nmr Characterization

Peperomia pellucida is a member of the Piperaceae family. Extraction of plant material was carried out by Soxhlet extraction method using hexane and ethylacetate as solvents respectively. The extract was concentrated using a rotary evaporator, followed by isolation and purification using column and thin layer chromatographic techniques. Fraction C20 showed a clearly defined single spot with Rf value of 0.51. Using 1HNMR, 13C-DEPT, COSY, HSQC and HMBC and by comparison with literature values, the structure of the compound was established as an Ursane-type triterpenoid. The use of P. pellucida in ethnomedicine for the treatment of various ailments could be attributed to the Ursane-type triterpenoid and other bioactive chemical compounds present in the plant. Keywords: Peperomia pellucida, extraction, isolation, chromatographic techniques, ursane-type triterpenoid

Middle-ultraviolet laser cleaning of particulates from sized ground wood cellulose and pure cellulose paper

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 602-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saira Arif ◽  
Sergey Bushuk ◽  
Andrei Kouzmouk ◽  
Hennady Tatur ◽  
Sergei Batishche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Cleaning ◽  
Wood Cellulose ◽  
Ultraviolet Laser ◽  
Cellulose Paper ◽  
Pure Cellulose
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