scholarly journals PTSD as a mediator of the relationship between trauma and psychotic experiences

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Daniela Strelchuk ◽  
Gemma Hammerton ◽  
Nicola Wiles ◽  
Jazz Croft ◽  
Katrina Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Adolescent Trauma ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Computation Formula ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Traumatic experiences are associated with a higher risk of psychotic illnesses, but little is known about potentially modifiable mechanisms underlying this relationship. This study aims to examine whether post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms mediate the relationship between trauma and psychotic experiences (PEs). Methods We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children to examine whether: PTSD symptoms mediate the relationships between (a) childhood trauma and adolescent PEs (study of adolescent PEs; n = 2952), and (b) childhood/adolescent trauma and PEs in early adulthood (study of adult PEs; n = 2492). We examined associations between variables using logistic regression, and mediation using the parametric g-computation formula. Results Exposure to trauma was associated with increased odds of PEs (adolescent PEs: ORadjusted 1.48, 95% CI 1.23–1.78; adult PEs: ORadjusted 1.57, 95% CI 1.25–1.98) and PTSD symptoms (adolescent PTSD: ORadjusted 1.59, 95% CI 1.31–1.93; adult PTSD: ORadjusted 1.50, 95% CI 1.36–1.65). The association between PTSD symptoms and PE was stronger in adolescence (ORadjusted 4.63, 95% CI 2.34–9.17) than in adulthood (ORadjusted 1.62, 95% CI 0.80–3.25). There was some evidence that PTSD symptoms mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and adolescent PEs (proportion mediated 14%), though evidence of mediation was weaker for adult PEs (proportion mediated 8%). Conclusions These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that PTSD symptoms partly mediate the association between trauma exposure and PEs. Targeting PTSD symptoms might help prevent the onset of psychotic outcomes.

scholarly journals T112. PTSD AS A MEDIATOR OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAUMA AND PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S273-S273
Author(s):  
Daniela Strelchuk ◽  
Gemma Hammerton ◽  
Jazz Croft ◽  
Jon Heron ◽  
Stanley Zammit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Trauma Exposure ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Trauma exposure is linked to the development of psychotic illnesses, but little is known about potentially modifiable mechanisms underlying this relationship. Despite the high prevalence of PTSD symptoms in psychotic illnesses, only a few studies have examined the role of PTSD as a mediator, and these were all cross-sectional. This study aims to examine whether PTSD symptoms mediate the relationship between trauma and psychotic experiences (PE), using data from a large birth cohort study. Methods We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) to test whether: a) PTSD symptoms (at age 15) mediate the relationship between childhood trauma (age 0–14 years) and adolescent frequent or distressing psychotic experiences (age 12–18 years) (study of adolescent PE; n = 2,952), and b) PTSD symptoms (reported at age 24 for traumatic event occurring before age 19) mediate the relationship between childhood/adolescent trauma (age 0–17 years) and incident frequent or distressing psychotic experiences in early adulthood (age 19–24 years) (study of adult PE; n = 2,492). Associations between the variables of interest were examined with logistic regression, and mediation with the parametric g-computation formula. As sensitivity analyses, we i) examined broader and narrower psychotic outcomes, ii) included a measure of psychotic-like experiences at age 14 years as an intermediate confounder in the mediation model for adolescent psychotic experiences, and iii) repeated analyses using imputed data. Results Exposure to trauma was associated with increased odds of psychotic experiences and PTSD symptoms both in adolescence and early adulthood (p<0.001). The association between PTSD and psychotic experiences was stronger in adolescence (p<0.001) than in adulthood (p=0.03). There was moderate evidence that PTSD symptoms mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and adolescent psychotic experiences (proportion mediated 14%), though evidence of mediation was much weaker for adult PE (proportion mediated 8%). In sensitivity analyses we observed similar results when using imputed data, and when modelling psychotic experiences at age 14 as an intermediate confounding for the adolescent PE outcome. The proportion mediated increased when examining more narrowly defined outcomes (19% for adolescent psychotic disorder). Discussion These findings provide some evidence consistent with the thesis that psychotic experiences and disorder can occur consequent to PTSD symptoms after trauma exposure. Targeting PTSD symptoms might help prevent the occurrence of psychotic experiences and disorder in people with a trauma history.

Does Childhood Trauma Cause Personality Disorders in Adults?

1998 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Paris
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Personality Pathology ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: To examine the relationship between trauma in childhood and personality disorders in adulthood. Method: A review of the literature was conducted. Results: The reported associations between trauma and personality pathology are illuminated by the following research findings: 1) personality is heritable; 2) only a minority of patients with severe personality disorders report childhood trauma; and 3) children are generally resilient, and traumatic experiences do not consistently lead to psychopathology. Conclusions: The role of trauma in the personality disorders is best understood in the context of gene–environment interactions.

Dissociative identity disorder: a developmental perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Simon Wilkinson ◽  
Margaret DeJong
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Dissociative Identity Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
Abuse And Neglect ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Parenting Approaches

SUMMARY Dissociation is a common and often overlooked symptom in traumatised children. Although there is a lack of a scientific consensus as to the nature of dissociation and very limited research about dissociative identity disorder (DID) in children, the authors have seen children given this diagnosis recently referred to their clinic and are concerned about this practice and the parenting approaches that have ensued. The diagnosis of DID in children may be rare or of doubtful validity, but repeated traumatic experiences of an interpersonal nature can have a profound effect on a child's identity, memory and self-organisation. Furthermore, abuse and neglect can increase the risk of dissociative symptoms. This brief article considers dissociation in post-traumatic stress disorder, then outlines developmental factors hypothesised to be associated with dissociation in childhood and early adulthood. It warns that clinicians should keep an open mind about how dissociation may manifest transdiagnostically, and concludes with recommendations for further research.

scholarly journals Imagery rescripting and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing as treatment for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder from childhood trauma: randomised clinical trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 217 (5) ◽  
pp. 609-615
Author(s):  
Katrina L. Boterhoven de Haan ◽  
Christopher W. Lee ◽  
Eva Fassbinder ◽  
Saskia M. van Es ◽  
Simone Menninga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Randomised Clinical Trial ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Imagery Rescripting

BackgroundInvestigation of treatments that effectively treat adults with post-traumatic stress disorder from childhood experiences (Ch-PTSD) and are well tolerated by patients is needed to improve outcomes for this population.AimsThe purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two trauma-focused treatments, imagery rescripting (ImRs) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), for treating Ch-PTSD.MethodWe conducted an international, multicentre, randomised clinical trial, recruiting adults with Ch-PTSD from childhood trauma before 16 years of age. Participants were randomised to treatment condition and assessed by blind raters at multiple time points. Participants received up to 12 90-min sessions of either ImRs or EMDR, biweekly.ResultsA total of 155 participants were included in the final intent-to-treat analysis. Drop-out rates were low, at 7.7%. A generalised linear mixed model of repeated measures showed that observer-rated post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms significantly decreased for both ImRs (d = 1.72) and EMDR (d = 1.73) at the 8-week post-treatment assessment. Similar results were seen with secondary outcome measures and self-reported PTSD symptoms. There were no significant differences between the two treatments on any standardised measure at post-treatment and follow-up.ConclusionsImRs and EMDR treatments were found to be effective in treating PTSD symptoms arising from childhood trauma, and in reducing other symptoms such as depression, dissociation and trauma-related cognitions. The low drop-out rates suggest that the treatments were well tolerated by participants. The results from this study provide evidence for the use of trauma-focused treatments for Ch-PTSD.

scholarly journals The relationship between childhood trauma and schizophrenia in the Genomics of Schizophrenia in the Xhosa people (SAX) study in South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 1570-1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumaya Mall ◽  
Jonathan M. Platt ◽  
Henk Temmingh ◽  
Eustasius Musenge ◽  
Megan Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Adjusted Logistic Regression ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractBackgroundEvidence from high-income countries suggests that childhood trauma is associated with schizophrenia. Studies of childhood trauma and schizophrenia in low and middle income (LMIC) countries are limited. This study examined the prevalence of childhood traumatic experiences among cases and controls and the relationship between specific and cumulative childhood traumatic experiences and schizophrenia in a sample in South Africa.MethodsData were from the Genomics of Schizophrenia in the South African Xhosa people study. Cases with schizophrenia and matched controls were recruited from provincial hospitals and clinics in the Western and Eastern Cape regions in South Africa. Childhood traumatic experiences were measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Adjusted logistic regression models estimated associations between individual and cumulative childhood traumatic experiences and schizophrenia.ResultsTraumatic experiences were more prevalent among cases than controls. The odds of schizophrenia were 2.44 times higher among those who experienced any trauma than those who reported no traumatic experiences (95% CI 1.77–3.37). The odds of schizophrenia were elevated among those who experienced physical/emotional abuse (OR 1.59, CI 1.28–1.97), neglect (OR 1.39, CI 1.16–1.68), and sexual abuse (OR 1.22, CI 1.03–1.45) compared to those who did not. Cumulative physical/emotional abuse and neglect experiences increased the odds of schizophrenia as a dose–response relationship.ConclusionChildhood trauma is common in this population. Among many other benefits, interventions to prevent childhood trauma may contribute to a decreasing occurrence of schizophrenia.

The Relationship between Perfectionism and Rumination in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Egan ◽  
Mary Hattaway ◽  
Robert T. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Concern Over Mistakes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Significant Mediator

Background: To date no research has investigated the link between Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and perfectionism in a clinical sample. Aims: The aim of the current study was to examine whether there is a relationship between PTSD and perfectionism. This is important to address as many studies have demonstrated a link between other anxiety disorders, eating disorders, depression and perfectionism. The research also aimed to examine whether rumination was a mediator of the relationship between PTSD and perfectionism. Method: The sample consisted of 30 participants who were currently in treatment for PTSD. Results: The results suggest that perfectionism and PTSD symptoms were significantly correlated. In addition, rumination was a significant mediator of the relationship between Concern over Mistakes and PTSD. Conclusions: These findings help increase understanding about the relationships of perfectionism and rumination in PTSD and have implications for the treatment of PTSD.

scholarly journals Mediating role of avoidance of trauma disclosure and social disapproval in ICD-11 post-traumatic stress disorder and complex post-traumatic stress disorder: cross-sectional study in a Lithuanian clinical sample

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Kvedaraite ◽  
Odeta Gelezelyte ◽  
Thanos Karatzias ◽  
Neil P. Roberts ◽  
Evaldas Kazlauskas
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Trauma Exposure ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Relationship

Background ICD-11 includes a new diagnosis of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD), resulting predominantly from reoccurring or prolonged trauma. Previous studies showed that lack of social support is among the strongest predictors of PTSD, but social factors have been sparsely studied in the context of the ICD-11 definition of PTSD and CPTSD. Aims To analyse the factor structure of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) in a Lithuanian clinical sample and to evaluate the mediating role of social and interpersonal factors in the relationship between trauma exposure and ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD. Method The sample comprised 280 adults from out-patient mental health centres (age, years: mean 39.48 (s.d. = 13.35); 77.5% female). Trauma-related stress symptoms were measured with the ITQ. Social disapproval was measured with the Social Acknowledgment Questionnaire (SAQ) and trauma disclosure using the Disclosure of Trauma Questionnaire (DTQ). Results ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD prevalence among the participants in this study was 13.9% and 10.0% respectively. Results indicated that avoidance of trauma disclosure mediated the relationship between trauma exposure and PTSD as well as CPTSD, whereas social disapproval mediated only the relationship between trauma exposure and CPTSD. Conclusions The findings suggest that disclosure of traumatic experiences and support from closest friends and family members might mitigate the effects of traumatic experiences, potentially reducing the risk of developing CPTSD.

scholarly journals Influence of Childhood Trauma on Former Prisoners’ Attributional Style and Recidivism in Three Years

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayoung Jung ◽  
DongHun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Attributional Style ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Support Service ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Internal Attribution ◽  
Former Prisoners ◽  
External Attribution ◽  
The Relationship

This study aimed to verify the mediating effects of attribution style, both external and internal, in the relationship between childhood trauma and former prisoners’ recidivism. In 2017, recidivism data on 235 former prisoners who had received Korea Rehabilitation Agency (KRA)’s housing support service in 2014, and had responded to the childhood traumatic questionnaire and surveys on external and internal attributions, were retrieved from the KRA. The analysis revealed that greater childhood trauma was correlated both with higher external and lower internal attribution. Although the relationship between high childhood trauma and recidivism was significant, no significant relationship appeared between internal/external attribution and recidivism. Further, the analysis did not confirm the mediating effect of attribution on the relationship between childhood trauma and recidivism. This indicates that traumatic experiences during childhood increase former prisoners’ external attribution, lower internal attribution, and lead to a higher probability of recidivism. These results demonstrate that interventions on childhood trauma may be effective in lowering recidivism because childhood trauma plays a key role in the former prisoners’ reoffending and attributions that may influence the interpretation of their criminal behavior.

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