scholarly journals The Vertical Distribution of Marine Macroplankton. V. The Distribution of Animals Caught in the Ring-trawl in the Daytime in the Plymouth Area

1927 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Present Purpose ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
Actual Depth

1. The vertical distribution of many species in daylight in the Plymouth area is shown, as a result of the examination of a number of serial hauls taken with the stramin ring-trawl between the dates April 2nd and August 6th, 1926.2. It is shown that probably the errors introduced by the employment of a non-closing net are for the present purpose negligible.3. The indications are that most species have an optimum level at which they live, in the daytime, the actual depth varying from day to day according to weather and other conditions.4. A few species appear to show no preference, being present equally abundantly at all depths or showing marked changes in the region of greatest abundance from day to day.5. A provisional list is given on page 567, showing the order in which many of the different species appear in greatest abundance from the surface downwards.6. The vertical distribution appears to differ for the two sexes of Calanus finmarchicus, the males tending to avoid the surface layers more than the females.7. The presence of the medusa Cosmetira pilosella in fair numbers in a catch in the daytime in the Plymouth region would seem to be a reliable indication that the net has been fishing below 20 metres.8. A catch of Calanus finmarchicus made by the stramin ring-trawl consists nearly always of over 80 per cent adults.9. No attempt has been made definitely to correlate behaviour with external factors: more observations are to be desired.10. Brief notes are given on the seasonal distribution of various species. The danger of drawing conclusions about seasonal abundance from daylight hauls only is shown by the results for Tomopteris helgolandica (p. 575).

scholarly journals The Vertical Distribution of Marine Macroplankton. II. The Pelagic Young of Teleostean Fishes in the Day-time in the Plymouth Area, with a Note on the Eggs of certain Species

1926 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Horizontal Distribution ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Teleostean Fish ◽  
Young Fish ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

1. Horizontal hauls were made with a “stramin” ring-trawl and a silk net at different depths in 1924 and 1925 to determine the vertical distribution of the pelagic post-larval stages of Teleostean fish in daylight. The depths at which the nets fished on every occasion were obtained by means of a graphic depth-recorder.2. It was indicated that there are specific differences in the behaviour of the post-larvae of various fishes as to their vertical distribution in daylight, some preferring the surface layers, others apparently indifferently distributed from surface to bottom, and others preferring the deeper layers and avoiding the surface; of these last it was found that somespecies became abundant at deeper levels than others. A tentative list of distribution types is given on page 107. 3. Eesults emphasise the necessity when examining the horizontal distribution of young fish of sampling all layers : oblique hauls are to be desired fishing at as many levels as possible. 4. Mention is made of seasonal distribution : the year 1924 appeared to differ from 1925 in that certain post-larvae which were prevalent in the plankton well into June or July in the former year were cut short a month earlier in 1925.The post-larvae of Molva molva and of Lophius piscatorius were unusually abundant in 1924 ; post-larval Gobies (Gobiidce) and Wrasses (Labridce) were extremely scarce in 1925 during the months April to beginning of August.

scholarly journals The Seasonal Distribution of Macroplankton as shown by Catches in the 2-metre Stramin Ring-trawl in Off-shore Waters off Plymouth

1933 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Young Fish ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

In past years during the study of the vertical distribution of macroplankton much information has been obtained on the abundance of the different animals in the catches at different times of the year. Results have already been published to show the seasonal distribution of pelagic young fish (4), and also on the abundance and composition of the Sagitta population (5, p. 565). In this latter study the change over from the predominance of Sagitta clcgans to that of S. sctosa during the years 1930 to 1932 is striking. During the examination of catches it has been noticed that each year has been characterised at some time by the abundance of a species which may occur only in small numbers, if at all, in other years. This has been especially noticeable in the composition of the medusa population. It is necessary to follow these changes through a number of years to see if the presence of certain plankton organisms cannot be used as an index of conditions that may lead to other fluctuations such as those of the fisheries.

scholarly journals The Vertical Distribution of Marine Macroplankton. XII. Some Observations on the Vertical Distribution of Calanus finmarchicus in Relation to Light Intensity.

1934 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 569-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Electric Measurement ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

1. Observations are given on the vertical distribution of adult Calanus finmarchicus in the daytime off Plymouth in July and August, 1931, as a result of collections made simultaneously with the photo-electric measurement of submarine illumination.2. A series of nets, usually six, was towed simultaneously in such a manner that the depth of each net was known approximately.3. The female Calanus in July preferred higher intensities of light than did the females in August; this change was coincident with a change in the Calanus population as shown by size measurements. A similar change in distribution and in population was shown by the males.4. The females in July were living in intensities of 20,000 m.c. and more; but those in August were avoiding such high intensities. The males in July avoided intensities of 40,000 m.c. and over, while in August their upper limit was about 10,000 m.c.

scholarly journals The Vertical Distribution of Marine Macroplankton IV. The Apparent Importance of Light Intensity as a Controlling Factor in the Behaviour of Certain Species in the Plymouth Area.

1926 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
External Factor ◽  
Controlling Factor ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

Results of collections with the ring-trawl to obtain evidence on the vertical distribution of plankton animals in daylight at different times of the year and at night are given.The vertical distribution of Calanus finmarchicus and Cosmelira pilosella is discussed in relation to the distribution of light intensity in the sea.Results show that light intensity is apparently the external factor of greatest importance in determining the vertical distribution of these plankton animals in this region.Many more observations at sea correlated with simultaneous records of light intensity at different depths are required, together with laboratory experiments on the effects of various factors on the behaviour of plankton animals kept under different conditions of light intensity.

Diel vertical distribution of fish larvae during the winter-mixing period in the Northwestern Mediterranean

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 1243-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sabatés
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Diel Variation ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Vertical Distributions ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

Abstract The vertical distributions of the larvae of shelf and oceanic fish species that spawn during the winter-mixing period in the Mediterranean are described from 22 vertically stratified plankton tows. Diel differences in the vertical distribution patterns in relation to physical data and potential prey abundance throughout the water column were examined. Even in absence of stratification, the larvae of the various fish species showed different patterns of vertical distribution and diel changes. The larvae of shelf-dwelling species were found in the surface layers, mainly above 50-m depth, and with some exceptions, with very little diel variation in depth distribution. Therefore, the vertical distribution of the larvae of these species coincided with the maximum concentrations of their potential food, nauplii and copepodite stages of copepods. The larvae of mesopelagic fishes showed deeper distributions in the water column and most of these species were located closer to the surface during the day than at night. Given the homogeneity of the physical characteristics throughout the water column, except for light, this behaviour may be determined not only by the higher concentration of prey in the surface layers but also by adequate light levels for feeding.

scholarly journals The Seasonal Abundance and Distribution of the Pelagic Young of Teleostean Fishes Caught in the Ring-Trawl in Offshore Waters in the Plymouth Area

1930 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Young Fish ◽  
Good Basis ◽  
Trawl Fishing ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Abundance And Distribution ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
Made In

A large number of collections were made with the 2-metre stramin ring-trawl in the years 1924, 1925 and 1926, to study the vertical distribution of young fish. Seeing that all these collections were made in exactly the same way, it was considered that they would form a good basis for a study of the quantitative differences in abundance of the different species at various times of the year. Accordingly, after 1926 the collections were supplemented in-1927, 1928 and 1929 by oblique hauls with the ring-trawl fishing at the same depths as those fished in the serial hauls in the study of the vertical distribution, that is the net was fished successively at the six different depths during half-an-hour's haul for 5 minutes at each depth. The results given in this report are all based on daylight catches.

scholarly journals Notes on Cyanea Caught in the Ring-trawl in the Plymouth Area during the Years 1925 to 1930

1931 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 573-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Young Fish ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

During the researches on the vertical distribution of plankton and on the-seasonal abundance of young fish, a record was kept of all Cyanea lamarcki Péron and Lesueur occurring in the catches of the 2-metre stramin ring-trawl. This was primarily for correlation with the abundance of such fish as the young whiting, Gadus merlangus, which at certain stages in. their development shelter under the umbrella of the medusa. Since it is only with the larger Cyanea that this association of the young whiting exists it was necessary to keep a record of the sizes of the Cyanea occurring in the catches. These were only rough measurements and denote the diameter of the flattened disc of the medusa usually to the nearest half-inch.

scholarly journals Vertical and seasonal distribution of eight Clausocalanus species (Copepoda: Calanoida) in oligotrophic waters

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Àurea Peralba ◽  
Maria Grazia Mazzocchi
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Seasonal Cycles ◽  
Tyrrhenian Sea ◽  
Gulf Of Naples ◽  
Offshore Station ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

Abstract Copepods of the genus Clausocalanus Giesbrecht, 1888 are among the most abundant calanoids in the Mediterranean Sea, both in coastal and offshore regions. The vertical distribution of C. arcuicornis, C. furcatus, C. jobei, C. lividus, C. mastigophorus, C. parapergens, C. paululus, and C. pergens, which co-occur in the upper 200 m in the Gulf of Naples (Tyrrhenian Sea), was investigated during an annual sampling cycle conducted at an offshore station in 2002. The quantitative data on distribution of each species were analysed in relation to the environmental parameters. The patterns that we observed in the seasonal cycles and vertical distribution provided insights on the ecological niches of the eight Clausocalanus species.

scholarly journals The Vertical Distribution of Marine Macroplankton. VII Observations on the Behaviour of Calanus finmarchicus

1928 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Seasonal Change ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Copepodid Stage ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
Trawl Catches

SUMMARYThe vertical distribution of Calanus finmarchicus adults in the daylight in the Plymouth region as shown by stramin ring-trawl catches in described for the period April to September in 1926. The general results confirmed the indications given in 1925 that there is a, gradual descent of the region of maximum abundance from about 10 metres in April to-metres in June, with a definite rise towards the surface ia July, August, and September.2. The rise towards the surface was evident on sunny days as well as dull, indicating that the suggestion that dull weather and low light intensity was its cause in 1925 may possibly have been incorrect.Measurements of the total lengths of Calanus were made which showed a seasonal change, a brood of small adults occurring in July, August, and September, as opposed to a brood of large adults whichdominated in the spring.It is suggested that possibly these two broods are physiologically different, and that the small type of adult prefers a higher light intensity and lives nearer the surface than the large type.The males and females differed in their behaviour, the males being always slightly deeper in the water than the females.Some indications are given of the course of the life-cycles of Calanus in the Plymouth area.While from April to the end of June the abundance of the last copepodid stage (Stage V) rarely exceeded more than 20% of the total Calanus in any one catch, they became very much more abundant in July, August, and September, reaching even 60% and 70%.

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