Long-run Tendencies in Foreign Trade: With a Statistical Study of French Trade Structure 1871–1939

1971 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 804-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Sylvain Weiller
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Statistical Study ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Complete Disruption ◽  
The One ◽  
Structural Point

Economists who have studied the evolution of trade transactions between the two world wars have often stressed the existence of an obvious paradox: despite the disturbances brought about by the war period, the territorial changes, the monetary difficulties and the crises, international trade as a whole and particularly from a structural point of view, had a tendency, after a few years of complete disruption, to return to a pre-war pattern of evolution. Trade flows were returning to a distribution very similar to the one prevailing in 1913, and changes were occurring in the same direction as those of the 1896–1913 period. Certain countries endured great difficulties in the readaptation process, especially the United Kingdom, whose “structural crises” have often been cited. But the very changes that were sources of anxiety for English rulers were less a result of the transformation or the acceleration of pre-war tendencies than of their continuity.

scholarly journals Evolución del perfil sectorial del comercio exterior en la provincia de León, 1995-2014 = Foreign trade sector evolution in the province of León 1995-2014

2014 ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
José Luis Placer Galán
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Pharmaceutical Chemistry ◽  
Productive Activity ◽  
Domestic Trade ◽  
Productive Activities ◽  
Strong Focus ◽  
Full Period ◽  
The One

<p>El notable crecimiento del comercio exterior de España en las últimas décadas también se ha producido en una economía tan orientada al mercado interior como la de la provincia de León. El objetivo de este trabajo es doble: averiguar la evolución del peso del comercio exterior en el conjunto de la actividad productiva leonesa, y el perfil sectorial de sus flujos comerciales durante el período 1995-2014.<br />El análisis realizado permite señalar que en los últimos veinte años la actividad productiva orientada a los mercados internacionales se ha duplicado, especialmente en los últimos cinco años. Por otra parte,  el perfil sectorial exportador ha variado notablemente pasando de ser mayoritariamente de productos químico-farmacéuticos y extractivos  a serlo actualmente de bienes de equipo eléctricos y de manufacturas metálicas. Sin embargo, las importaciones, que tienen un mayor grado de diversificación que las exportaciones, han mantenido un perfil sectorial similar en todo el período, concentrado en legumbres y, en menor medida, en bienes de equipo eléctricos y de manufacturas metálicas.</p><p>In the last decades foreign trade has experienced a significant growth both in Spain and Leon economies, whereas the latter has always been characterized by a strong focus on domestic trade. The goal of this paper is dual: find out the evolution of foreign trade importance within the whole productive activity in Leon and sector profile of its trade flows during the period from 1995 to 2014.<br />On the one hand, the analysis carried out highlights that productive activities focused on foreign trade have doubled in the last twenty years, especially in the recent five. On the other hand, export sectors have changed mainly, from exporting pharmaceutical chemistry products and extractors to currently exporting electrical equipment and metal assembly. However, import sectors that are more diversified than export, have maintained a similar sector profile during the full period analysed. Import sectors in Leon are mainly focused on legumes and in a smaller proportion on electrical appliance equipment and metal assembly.</p>

scholarly journals A Review of India’s Foreign Trade with reference to Post RBI Road MAP 2005 and Financing by Foreign Banks (FB) during the period 2003 -2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok Vasant Edurkar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Foreign Banks ◽  
Purchase Order ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Credit Financing ◽  
High Level

<em>Transactions related to global trade flows have significantly improved at present, on account of the internationalization and highly developed e-commerce. Exports and imports opportunities have substantially increased so also risk associated with international trade has reached a high level. Along with issues related to languages used for communication involved in international marketing, drafting of letter of intent / purchase order, drafting of letter of credit, financing during execution of purchase order, pre and post shipment inspection and finally negotiation of bank documents for collection of payments, the international trade was always been quite risky. This risk is because of the fact that exporters and importers are from different countries, separated not only by physical distance but by socio political conditions. Actual trade flows determines quantum of foreign trade. Foreign trade divided by GDP is a good measure of improvement or growth in foreign trade. (Harrison 1996). There is a positive relationship between Foreign Trade well supported by domestic as well as foreign banks and economic growth (Edwards 1992).Mixed results are obtained during the study related to explanation of the causal relationship between the degree of openness of the economy and economic growth. This paper takes a review of India’s Foreign Trade with reference to post RBI Road Map 2005 and financing by Foreign Banks (FB) during the period 2003-2013.</em>

Structure et Signification : problème de méthode en sociologie des organisations claustrales

1971 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emile Servais ◽  
Francis Hambye
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Models ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Dominant Culture ◽  
Positive Meaning ◽  
Internal Forces ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One ◽  
High Credibility ◽  
Structural Point

In adopting a structural point of view in order to analyse institutionalized forms of religious life, we were led not only to show the totality or the system from which the different elements take their meaning, but also we had the possibility of comparing organized religious life with other forms of social organizations. Using this method, it becomes possible, on the one hand, to bring to light the latent functions of certain elements of the system ; and on the other hand, to question the credibility of the meanings which are officially attributed to organized religious life. Among the elements which go to make up the meaning of religious life, this study is concerned with the model of authority. In order to describe the tensions which organized religious life is undergoing at the moment, one can separate the various institutions by treating them as systems which are evolving under the single pressure of internal forces. However, if we wish to explain such phenomena, it is indispensable to reinsert the structure which is being studied into a larger cultural setting, the dominant culture of the period. In fact, organized religious life confers a positive meaning on its institutions in taking up again in an unconscious way the cultural models which have been interiorized by the whole of society in a diffused manner, which because of this possess es a high credibility.

scholarly journals General commercial terms and standard-form contracts in international business relations

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-47
Author(s):  
Michal Malacka
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Standard Form ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
International Trade Law ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Business Conditions ◽  
The One

The present paper discusses the importance of general commercial terms and business conditions as basis for the conclusion of commercial contracts. The paper describes the historical development of general commercial terms and the increasing importance of individually stipulated standard-form contracts as well as the influence of both legal sources on the contract practice in international trade. The notion “general commercial terms” (abbr. GCT) designates proposals for standard contracts as produced in many cases by neutral experts of national and international organizations, whereas the notions “terms of business” or “general terms of business” refer to standardform contracts which one party to a contract or both submit and which are accepted by the parties as basis of their negotiations. Subsequently, the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of general commercial terms on the one hand, and individually negotiated terms of business on the other will be identified. The paper also distinguishes general contract conditions according to their types and formations, both from the point of view of international law and with regard to Czech statute law, as it is established mainly in the Civil Code. However, this paper does not only present the legal issues affiliated with the employment of general commercial terms and “parties’ terms of business”, it also focuses on the economic aspects of the use of established contract forms and conditions. Likewise, the paper is working out the areas where general commercial terms are applied in international trade and it points at important international organizations that work with, or contribute to, general commercial terms, such as the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), the Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), and the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) etc. Thus, the work shall demonstrate the importance and indispensability of general contract terms and individually submitted and negotiated terms of business in the trade of goods, whether international or national.

scholarly journals Neutropenia and management of cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-13
Author(s):  
O.V. Ponomariova ◽  
P.V. Petelskyi ◽  
A.S. Kasianenko ◽  
T.A. Horbatiuk ◽  
M.M. Nosko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The One ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Cancer Network

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the management of patients with cancer. Due to the quarantine restrictions imposed to some extent around the world, it was necessary to modify treatment regimens by reducing the number of sessions of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, as well as by postponing surgery. The volume of cancer screening has also been reduced. All this, from our point of view, in the long run may not have a very positive effect on the course of treatment and prognosis of cancer. Therefore, doctors today are constantly faced with the task of maintaining the effectiveness of treatment of malignant neoplasms, on the one hand, and reducing the risk of coronavirus — on the other, because, according to many sources, cancer patients are at risk of adverse COVID-19 course. This is especially true for patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. In this article we wanted to demonstrate the latest approaches to the management of cancer patients in this difficult period. We also considered the options for wider use of granulocyte colony-sti­mulating factors to prevent neutropenia in the COVID-19 era. It is still controversy about this in the medical scientific community. Unfortunately, the data available today are not enough to make unambiguous statements about a particular patient management, but by analyzing the large number of publications made during the pandemic year, as well as updated National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, we were able to answer most of the questions that interest us.

scholarly journals A regional perspective on the spatial concentration in Romania’s international trade in 2011

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ancuta Stangaciu
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Spatial Concentration ◽  
Coverage Ratio ◽  
Development Region ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
Import Trade

In this study, I aimed at analyzing the territorial structure of the international trade in Romania in 2011 on the level of each development region. Starting from the values of the export and import trade flows pertaining to each region of Romania and using statistical methods of analysis, we processed the existing data in order to determine the distribution of foreign trade and to emphasize the regional poles of competitiveness from this point of view. Since other indexes, such as the trade balance or the import/export coverage ratio, are also marks of competitiveness and of the increase or decrease in the performance of a certain economy, we also calculated these indexes for each region of the country. In order to statistically substantiate the existence of a certain degree of spatial concentration of the Romanian international trade in different regions of the country, we resorted to the boxplot graphical representation and to the Gini square and the Gini index respectively.

scholarly journals Evolución del perfil sectorial del comercio exterior en la provincia de León, 1995-2014 = Foreign trade sector evolution in the province of León 1995-2014

2014 ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
José Luis Placer Galán
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Pharmaceutical Chemistry ◽  
Productive Activity ◽  
Domestic Trade ◽  
Productive Activities ◽  
Strong Focus ◽  
Full Period ◽  
The One

<p>El notable crecimiento del comercio exterior de España en las últimas décadas también se ha producido en una economía tan orientada al mercado interior como la de la provincia de León. El objetivo de este trabajo es doble: averiguar la evolución del peso del comercio exterior en el conjunto de la actividad productiva leonesa, y el perfil sectorial de sus flujos comerciales durante el período 1995-2014.<br />El análisis realizado permite señalar que en los últimos veinte años la actividad productiva orientada a los mercados internacionales se ha duplicado, especialmente en los últimos cinco años. Por otra parte,  el perfil sectorial exportador ha variado notablemente pasando de ser mayoritariamente de productos químico-farmacéuticos y extractivos  a serlo actualmente de bienes de equipo eléctricos y de manufacturas metálicas. Sin embargo, las importaciones, que tienen un mayor grado de diversificación que las exportaciones, han mantenido un perfil sectorial similar en todo el período, concentrado en legumbres y, en menor medida, en bienes de equipo eléctricos y de manufacturas metálicas.</p><p>In the last decades foreign trade has experienced a significant growth both in Spain and Leon economies, whereas the latter has always been characterized by a strong focus on domestic trade. The goal of this paper is dual: find out the evolution of foreign trade importance within the whole productive activity in Leon and sector profile of its trade flows during the period from 1995 to 2014.<br />On the one hand, the analysis carried out highlights that productive activities focused on foreign trade have doubled in the last twenty years, especially in the recent five. On the other hand, export sectors have changed mainly, from exporting pharmaceutical chemistry products and extractors to currently exporting electrical equipment and metal assembly. However, import sectors that are more diversified than export, have maintained a similar sector profile during the full period analysed. Import sectors in Leon are mainly focused on legumes and in a smaller proportion on electrical appliance equipment and metal assembly.</p>

scholarly journals Romania’s foreign trade with the European Union in 2008

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ancuta Stangaciu
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Trade Partners ◽  
Statistical Analysis Methods

In this study, I proposed to analyze the spatial concentration of international trade flows between Romania and the European Union both overall and by the sections of the Combined Nomenclature. Using statistical analysis methods such as square and Gini’s index or Onicescu informational energy, I concluded that Romania’s main trade partners are Italy, Germany and France and trade relations with these 3 countries are characterized by exchanges of good to cover, generally a wide range of products.

Studies on a Levonorgestrel-Releasing Trade Plastic Device and on a Similar Polyurethane Foam Used as a Levonorgestrel Carrier

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-547
Author(s):  
Flavius Olaru ◽  
Dana Stoian ◽  
Delia Berceanu Vaduva ◽  
Alina Corpade ◽  
Florin Birsasteanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Intrauterine Devices ◽  
Daily Amount ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
The One ◽  
Structural Point ◽  
Copper Iud

Hormonal Intrauterine Devices (IUD) were developed based on copper IUD with the role to release a daily amount of hormones. From a structural point of view Levonorgestrel-IUD (L-IUD) is a small T-shaped piece of plastic, which contains levonorgestrel. When compared with the oral route of L-IUD administration, it provides some advantages because it releases levonorgestrel directly into the uterus. Our aims were: (1) to compare the thickness of uterine jonctional zone (UJZ) in two groups of patients with and without inserted L-IUD, (2) to evaluate the changes in thickness of UJZ after the insertion of L-IUD in two patients with adenomyosis, and (3) to obtain and to characterize a similar T-shaped polyurethane (PU) foam used as a levonorgestrel delivery system. On the one hand, the results confirm that L-IUD is effective in thinning the UJZ and in the treatment of adenomyosis, while on the other hand, the characterization of the PU materials (Zetasizer measurements, their thermal degradation, UV-Vis spectra and skin irritation tests) revealed that this polymer can be used as a safety and prolonged levonorgestrel carrier.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND GLOBAL CHALLENGES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliia Poliakova ◽  
Larysa Yaremko ◽  
Oksana Shayda
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Global Challenges ◽  
The World

The article is devoted to the analysis of trends in international trade in the conditions of current global challenges, including the pandemic that led to the introduction of quarantine restrictions, lockdown, and closure of national borders causing one of the largest economic crises in the last century. The article also aims to substantiate the role of exports for economic development of countries. Important global trends that have been observed are identified, the processes of development of the sphere of international trade are determined, and the position of the World Trade Organization in the researched issues is highlighted. The article outlines the peculiarities of the application of a number of measures aimed at regulating foreign trade flows including a significant restriction of exports of certain categories of goods and simplification of import procedures for goods needed to combat the pandemic in the countries of the world. An econometric model (a panel regression model) is constructed to illustrate the dependence of the gross domestic product of the twenty leading countries on their exports of goods and services. The study proves that the growth of exports of goods and services will directly lead to GDP growth. It is substantiated that, in the conditions of emergence and long-term action of the trends and with a simultaneous absence of means preventing the negative influence of global factors on international trade in general and foreign trade of separate countries of the world, there is a danger of reduction of their role as an important factor of economic growth. The trends of development of foreign trade of Ukraine are considered in the period of the pandemic, in particular its commodity and geographical structure, rates of change of volumes of trade flows. The stress is laid on the high export-oriented raw materials, the steady trend of import dependence and the preservation of the negative balance of the foreign trade balance of our country. The common features and differences in the processes of foreign trade operations by the EU member states and Ukraine are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the need to create effective response mechanisms at the state level that can reduce the negative impact of global challenges on the country’s foreign trade.

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